Hepatoprotective effect of medicinal plant in nanoemulsions form.

M M Damayanti, Anissa Nofita Sari, T B Siddiq, T M Fakih

Med J Malaysia

Nov 1, 2025

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Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Clove extract (CE) and grape seed oil (GSO) are medicinal plant compounds. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and grape (Vitis vinifera) are widely recognized botanical species with established therapeutic benefits. This study aims to assess the hepatoprotective effect of nanoemulsions containing CE and GSO in acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats (Rattus norvegicus). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty laboratory mice with criteria were healthy, male, and weighing around 250 mg. Liver damage was induced in experimental animals using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) on days 20 and 21 of treatment. The experimental animals were divided into four groups, the group 1 (G1) was a negative control group which was not induced and given standard feed, the group 2 (G2) was a positive control group which was induced and given standard feed, the 3 (G3) was induced and given CE nanoemulsion pretreatment and GSO formula A, the group 4 (G4) was induced and given pretreatment of nanoemulsion CE and GSO formula B. Giving nanoemulsion according to the group for 21 consecutive days. Next, on day 22, serum and liver tissue samples were taken to assess the condition of the liver tissue. RESULTS: The study's findings demonstrated that the administration of nanoemulsions containing CE and GSO exhibited a dose-dependent reduction in acute liver injury induced by CCl4. Liver function based on levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) has a significant difference in group 2 compared to group 4 with a P value of 0.006 and 0.01. The liver histopathology showed a healing process in the group treated with clove and grape nanoemulsion therapy. In group 4 there was no vacuole degeneration, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, and increased neovascularization compared to group 2. CONCLUSION: The hepatoprotective effect of nanoemulsions containing CE and GSO was observed to have antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties resulting in significant improvements in serum biomarkers related to hepatotoxicity and histopathological analysis of liver injury.