Therapeutic delivery of phloretin by mixed emulsifier-stabilized nanoemulsion alleviated cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Therapeutic Delivery of Phloretin by Mixed Emulsifier-Stabilized Nanoemulsion Alleviated Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury.

Tom H W Huang, Chia-Fang Wu, Wen-Tsoung Lu, Hui Lv, Rui Jin, Jin-Hua Gan, Yuanchao Zhang

Pharmaceutics

Dec 11, 2025

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Abstract

Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) is a major challenge in ischemic stroke treatment. Phloretin (PHL), despite its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has limited clinical application due to poor oral bioavailability. This study aimed to develop an orally administered phloretin-loaded nanoemulsion (NE-PHL) to enhance brain delivery and neuroprotective efficacy against CIRI.NE-PHL was optimized via an orthogonal experimental design combined with ultrasonication. The optimized formulation was characterized for physicochemical properties and evaluated for pharmacokinetics and brain bioavailability. Its therapeutic efficacy was assessed in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats by measuring infarct volume, neurological scores, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory cytokines. RNA sequencing analysis was performed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.The optimized NE-PHL exhibited a small droplet size (96.26±0.86 nm), high encapsulation efficiency (84.58±3.03%), and good storage stability over a period of 120 days. Pharmacokinetic studies showed a 2.72-fold increase in AUCfor NE-PHL compared to free PHL. In MCAO rats, NE-PHL treatment significantly improved neurological function, reduced cerebral infarct volume, attenuated oxidative stress, and modulated inflammatory responses by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhancing anti-inflammatory activity. RNA sequencing analysis further confirmed coordinated downregulation of key pathways related to oxidative stress and inflammation.NE-PHL represents a promising oral nanotherapeutic strategy for the effective management of CIRI, offering enhanced bioavailability and significant neuroprotection.