Electroconvulsive Therapy

Name	AC	CK
Memory Disorders	135	947
Cognitive Decline/Dysfunction	32	297
Amnesia	26	120
Depression	9	91
Hypertension	12	88
Arrhythmias: Cardiac	3	45
Brain Damage	7	35
Memory Loss	5	34
Tachycardia	6	34
Cardiomyopathy	10	31
Suicidal Behavior	4	31
Confusion	2	30
Confusional State	3	23
Cardiac Mortality	1	21
Heart Failure	1	21
Schizophrenia	1	21
Aging	2	20
Neurodegenerative Diseases	1	20
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD)	1	20
Postictal agitation (PIA)	1	20
Psychiatric Disorders	1	20
Restlessness: Acute Episode	1	20
Pulmonary Edema	7	19
Fever	3	17
Inflammation	2	14
Learning disorders	3	14
Oxidative Stress	3	14
Delirium	2	13
Edema	2	13
Hyperglycemia	2	13
Seizures	2	12
Anxiety	1	10
Bipolar Disorder	1	10
Cerebral Hypoperfusion	1	10
DNA damage	1	10
Dementia	1	10
Personality Disorder: Borderline	1	10
Sleep Disorders	1	10
Speech Disorders	1	10
Supraventricular Tachycardia	1	10
Atrial Fibrillation	3	9
Blindness	3	9
Mania: Acute	2	6
Brain Inflammation	3	5
Tardive Dyskinesia	1	4
Asthma	1	3
Brain: Oxidative Stress	2	3
Brugada syndrome & Fever	1	3
Cardiac Arrhythmias	1	3
Coma	1	3
Dissociative Disorders	1	3
Epilepsy	1	3
Epistaxis	1	3
Fractures: Bone	1	3
Lipid Peroxidation	2	3
Myocardial Infarction	1	3
Myocardial Ischemia	1	3
Myxoma	1	3
Nosebleed	1	3
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome	1	3
Wound Healing	1	3
Circadian Dysregulation	1	2
Hyperuricemia	1	2
Brain: Microglial Activation	1	1
Cardiovascular Disease	1	1
Cardiovascular Diseases	1	1

Name	AC	CK
Cardiotoxic	18	117
Neurotoxic	15	104
Hypertensive	3	30
Immunoreactive	2	12
Oxidant	1	2

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1 in 50 patients experienced major adverse cardiac events.Dec 31, 2018

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Pubmed Data : Anesthesiology. 2019 Jan ;130(1):83-91. PMID: 30557212

Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2018

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Pubmed Data : J Psychiatr Res. 2025 Mar ;183:269-281. Epub 2025 Feb 3. PMID: 40015235

Article Published Date : Feb 28, 2025

Study Type : Meta Analysis, Review

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Diseases : Arrhythmias: Cardiac, Tachycardia

Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy

Adverse Pharmacological Actions : Cardiotoxic

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Relapse occurred mostly within 6 months post-acute ECT for schizophrenia.Oct 03, 2024

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Pubmed Data : Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2025 Mar ;170:106060. Epub 2025 Feb 10. PMID: 39938607

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Pubmed Data : Clin Neuropsychol. 2014 ;28(7):1071-90. Epub 2014 Sep 15. PMID: 25220219

Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2013

Study Type : Human Study

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Diseases : Cognitive Decline/Dysfunction, Memory Disorders

Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy

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38.8% of patients with available data showed cognitive impairment at five-year follow-up.Nov 30, 2022

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Pubmed Data : Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2022 Dec ;30(12):1283-1294. Epub 2022 May 18. PMID: 35667960

Autobiographic memory was deteriorated in all patients after ECT.Apr 14, 2011

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Pubmed Data : Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Apr 15 ;69(8):772-9. Epub 2010 Oct 16. PMID: 20951980

Article Published Date : Apr 14, 2011

Study Type : Human Study

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Diseases : Memory Disorders

Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Autobiographical memory consistency was reduced in patients treated with ECT. Oct 31, 2014

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Pubmed Data : Psychiatry Res. 2022 Aug ;314:114650. Epub 2022 May 26. PMID: 35659671

Article Published Date : Jul 31, 2022

Study Type : Human Study

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Diseases : Depression, Personality Disorder: Borderline

Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Brain shrinkage was significantly more common among patients who received ECT compared to other patients.Oct 31, 1986

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Pubmed Data : Psychiatry Res. 2011 May 15 ;187(1-2):145-9. Epub 2011 Jan 5. PMID: 21208662

Article Published Date : May 14, 2011

Study Type : Human Study

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Diseases : Suicidal Behavior

Additional Keywords : Increased Risk

Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Electroconvulsive therapy in children and adolescents.Nov 30, 2022

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Pubmed Data : J ECT. 2022 Dec 1 ;38(4):249-254. Epub 2022 Jun 11. PMID: 35700967

Article Published Date : Nov 30, 2022

Study Type : Human Study

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Diseases : Memory Disorders, Seizures

Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Electroconvulsive therapy reduces frontal cortical connectivity.Apr 02, 2012

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Pubmed Data : Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2021 Mar ;143(3):238-252. Epub 2021 Jan 6. PMID: 33251575

Article Published Date : Feb 28, 2021

Study Type : Human Study

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Diseases : Memory Disorders

Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Hippocampal-subregion functional alterations associated with antidepressant effects and cognitive impairments of electroconvulsive therapy.May 31, 2019

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Pubmed Data : J ECT. 2011 Mar ;27(1):59-66. PMID: 20926956

Article Published Date : Feb 28, 2011

Study Type : Human Study

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Diseases : Cognitive Decline/Dysfunction, Memory Disorders

Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Patients who received electroconvulsive therapy were at a high risk for suicide.Aug 31, 2020

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Pubmed Data : J ECT. 2020 Sep ;36(3):187-192. PMID: 32205732

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Pubmed Data : Psychiatry Res. 1994 Nov ;54(2):177-84. PMID: 7761551

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Pubmed Data : Science. 1975 Jan 10 ;187(4171):77-9. PMID: 1109228

Article Published Date : Jan 09, 1975

Study Type : Human Study

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Diseases : Amnesia, Memory Disorders

Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Risk factors for suicide among patients having received treatment with electroconvulsive therapy.Mar 31, 2023

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Pubmed Data : Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2023 Apr ;147(4):333-344. Epub 2023 Feb 15. PMID: 36744379

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Pubmed Data : J ECT. 2017 Jun ;33(2):96-103. PMID: 27930429

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Pubmed Data : J Psychiatr Res. 2022 Jun ;150:87-95. Epub 2022 Mar 24. PMID: 35366599

Article Published Date : May 31, 2022

Study Type : Human Study

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Diseases : Cognitive Decline/Dysfunction, Memory Disorders

Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy

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The effect of pulse width on subjective memory impairment and remission rate 6 months after electroconvulsive therapy.Nov 30, 2020

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Pubmed Data : Schizophr Res. 2024 Jun ;268:252-260. Epub 2023 Dec 26. PMID: 38151432

Article Published Date : May 31, 2024

Study Type : Human Study

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Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Adverse Pharmacological Actions : Cardiotoxic

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This study suggests that there may be a greater need to discuss the intermittent cognitive risks associated with ECT when obtaining informed consent prior to treatment.May 31, 2008

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Pubmed Data : Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2008 Jun ;4(3):613-7. PMID: 18830401

Article Published Date : May 31, 2008

Study Type : Human Study

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Diseases : Cognitive Decline/Dysfunction, Memory Disorders

Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Trajectories of efficacy and cognitive function during electroconvulsive therapy course in young adults with treatment-resistant depression.Dec 31, 2022

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Pubmed Data : BMC Psychiatry. 2024 Feb 19 ;24(1):139. Epub 2024 Feb 19. PMID: 38373994

Article Published Date : Feb 18, 2024

Study Type : Human: Case Report

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Diseases : Cardiomyopathy

Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy

Adverse Pharmacological Actions : Cardiotoxic

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Acute myocardial infarction following electroconvulsive therapy in a Schizophrenic patient.Feb 28, 2017

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Electroconvulsive therapy-induced paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in healthy young male. Oct 31, 2022

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Pubmed Data : J ECT. 2005 Sep ;21(3):186-7. PMID: 16127312

Article Published Date : Aug 31, 2005

Study Type : Human: Case Report

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Diseases : Blindness

Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Ventricular tachycardia triggered by electroconvulsive therapyMay 31, 2023

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Pubmed Data : Behav Neural Biol. 1985 Mar ;43(2):162-77. PMID: 4004687

Article Published Date : Feb 28, 1985

Study Type : Animal Study

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Diseases : Memory Disorders

Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy

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ECS-induced learning and memory impairment is caused by neuronal hypoexcitability mediated metaplasticity.Dec 31, 2023

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Pubmed Data : Front Psychiatry. 2024 ;15:1365119. Epub 2024 Jun 7. PMID: 38911706

Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2023

Study Type : Animal Study

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Diseases : Learning disorders, Memory Disorders

Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Electroconvulsive seizure alters the expression and daily oscillation of circadian genes in the rat frontal cortex.Jun 30, 2018

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Pubmed Data : Psychiatry Investig. 2018 Jul ;15(7):717-726. Epub 2018 Jun 28. PMID: 29945428

Pubmed Data : J Chem Neuroanat. 2021 Nov ;117:102001. Epub 2021 Jul 9. PMID: 34246766

Article Published Date : Oct 31, 2021

Study Type : Animal Study

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Substances : Hesperidin

Diseases : Memory Disorders, Oxidative Stress

Pharmacological Actions : Antioxidants, Malondialdehyde Down-regulation, Neuroprotective Agents

Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy

Adverse Pharmacological Actions : Neurotoxic

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Hippocampal neurons are damaged by caffeine-augmented electroshock seizures.Sep 30, 1996

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Pubmed Data : Biol Psychiatry. 1996 Oct 1 ;40(7):642-7. PMID: 8886298

Article Published Date : Sep 30, 1996

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Pubmed Data : J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2013 Feb ;120(2):259-66. Epub 2012 Aug 9. PMID: 22875635

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Pubmed Data : PLoS One. 2017 ;12(9):e0184603. Epub 2017 Sep 14. PMID: 28910337

A glutamatergic model of ECT-induced memory dysfunction.Dec 31, 1997

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Pubmed Data : Harv Rev Psychiatry. 1998 ;5(6):307-17. PMID: 9559349

Article Published Date : Dec 31, 1997

Study Type : Review

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Diseases : Memory Disorders

Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy

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A response to yet another defence of ECT in the absence of robust efficacy and safety evidence.Feb 14, 2022

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Pubmed Data : J Affect Disord. 2008 Feb ;106(1-2):203-8. Epub 2007 Jul 26. PMID: 17662472

Article Published Date : Jan 31, 2008

Study Type : Review

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Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy

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ECT is also associated with sudden surges of catecholamines and may cause recurrent myocardial ischemia and fatal dysrhythmias in patients convalescing from an ACS event. May 31, 2016

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Pubmed Data : J Clin Anesth. 2016 Jun ;31:223-8. Epub 2016 Apr 16. PMID: 27185716

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Pubmed Data : Psychiatry Res. 2020 Oct ;292:113289. Epub 2020 Jul 10. PMID: 32702550

Article Published Date : Sep 30, 2020

Study Type : Review

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Diseases : Brain: Microglial Activation, Brain: Oxidative Stress, Brain Inflammation , Memory Disorders

Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is associated with at least transient episodes of hypertension and tachycardia.Jun 30, 2014

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Pubmed Data : J ECT. 2014 Jun ;30(2):160-4. PMID: 24800688

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Side effects of electroconvulsive therapy.Dec 31, 1999

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Pubmed Data : Depress Anxiety. 2000 ;12(3):130-4. PMID: 11126187

Article Published Date : Dec 31, 1999

Study Type : Review

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Diseases : Memory Disorders

Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy

Adverse Pharmacological Actions : Cardiotoxic

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Significant cognitive dysfunction, memory loss and other impairment of cognitive functioning in 347 patients tested 6 months after ECT.Jan 31, 2020

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Pubmed Data : Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 2010 ;19(4):333-47. PMID: 21322506

Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2009

Study Type : Review

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Diseases : Memory Disorders

Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy

Adverse Pharmacological Actions : Neurotoxic

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View the Evidence: 274 Abstracts with Electroconvulsive Therapy Research

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1 in 50 patients experienced major adverse cardiac events.Dec 31, 2018

ECT increases brain volume in the limbic structures, but the clinical relevance of this increase needs further investigation.Dec 31, 2017

ECT may cause short-term cognitive decline in autobiographical memory, verbal fluency, and verbal memory.May 31, 2021

Electroconvulsive therapy can lead to adverse events such as arrhythmias or tachycardia after stimulation.Feb 28, 2025

Relapse occurred mostly within 6 months post-acute ECT for schizophrenia.Oct 03, 2024

Subjective cognitive complaints after electroconvulsive therapy for depression vary based on the degree of post-treatment persisting depression and the type of assessment used.Dec 31, 2022

The studies suggest that ECT causes autobiographical memory loss in patients with depression.May 12, 2025

Adverse cognitive effects occur in 40–70% of the patients.Feb 28, 2025

Despite continuation of therapy the risk of relapse within the first year following ECT is substantial.Oct 31, 2013

ECT is less effective and more risky for patients with underlying personality pathology. These individuals face a higher likelihood of relapse, cognitive impairment, and treatment abandonment.Dec 31, 2023

ECT is not recommended as a first-line treatment because of significant adverse effects, including autobiographical memory impairment.Jul 31, 2023

Long-Term Cognitive Risks of ECT in Depression: Significant Impairment in Learning and Overall Function Despite Apparent Gains in Processing Speed"Dec 31, 2023

Postictal agitation (PIA) [A sudden burst of confusion, restlessness, or aggressive behavior] as a direct risk occurs in 13.9–18.0% of patients and 12.4–16.5% of sessions, depending on the quality of the data..Feb 28, 2025

The ECT-antipsychotic combination was associated with greater transient memory impairment compared to antipsychotic monotherapy.Mar 31, 2018

Unilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for depression leads to smaller cognitive declines compared to bitemporal ECT.May 31, 2011

Cerebral perfusion is related to antidepressant effect and cognitive side effects of electroconvulsive therapy. Dec 31, 2021

11% of patients showed retrograde amnesia for public facts post-ECT and 40% of the patients showed a significant decline in neuropsychological functioning.Dec 31, 2013

38.8% of patients with available data showed cognitive impairment at five-year follow-up.Nov 30, 2022

A larger absolute change in right hippocampal volume during ECT is associated with less improvement in memory performance up to 6 months post-ECT.Oct 31, 2019

A majority of patients reported that ECT had negative effects on their memory.Mar 08, 2020

A trend of decline in overall cognitive function was observed.Jun 18, 2025

All I have is a void: women's perceptions of the benefits and side effects of ECT.Dec 31, 2012

An independent audit of electroconvulsive therapy patient information leaflets in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.Nov 30, 2023

Autobiographic memory was deteriorated in all patients after ECT.Apr 14, 2011

Autobiographical memory consistency was reduced in patients treated with ECT. Oct 31, 2014

Bitemporal ECT is associated with greater cognitive impairment across a range of measures.Feb 28, 2018

Blood biomarkers of neuronal injury and astrocytic reactivity in electroconvulsive therapy.Mar 31, 2025

BPD is associated with higher risk of relapse within 6 months in major depressed individuals treated with electroconvulsive therapy.Jul 31, 2022

Brain shrinkage was significantly more common among patients who received ECT compared to other patients.Oct 31, 1986

Cardiac stress after electroconvulsive therapy and spontaneous generalized convulsive seizures.Nov 30, 2019

Changes in perfusion, and structure of hippocampal subfields related to cognitive impairment after ECT.Mar 14, 2023

Changes in regional cerebral blood flow during acute electroconvulsive therapy in patients with depression.Dec 31, 2006

Changes in white matter microstructure after electroconvulsive therapy.Mar 09, 2020

Clinical outcome and adverse effects of electroconvulsive therapy in elderly psychiatric patients.Dec 31, 2001

Cognitive performance as modified by age and ECT history.Jun 30, 1993

Cognitive training to improve memory in individuals undergoing electroconvulsive therapy: Negative findings.Aug 31, 2017

Compared with healthy subjects, patients had verbal learning and memory deficits.Jun 30, 2007

Concomitant venlafaxine medication could increase the likelihood that patients need antihypertensive medication during ECT treatment.Apr 28, 2025

Confusional states during electroconvulsive therapy for late-life depression.Mar 17, 2025

Cortisol levels predict cognitive impairment induced by electroconvulsive therapy.Aug 31, 2001

Detecting objective and subjective cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy.Sep 30, 2014

Differential memory complaints after bilateral and unilateral ECT.Aug 31, 1984

Disruption of component processes of spatial working memory by electroconvulsive shock but not magnetic seizure therapy.Jan 31, 2013

Distinct memory impairments following electroconvulsive therapy and imipramine.Jan 31, 1989

ECT caused a significant increase in bigeminy/trigeminy and supraventricular tachycardia.Feb 28, 2003

ECT impairs explicit memory in patients with major depression, but preserves implicit memory, indicating a differential effect of depression and ECT on explicit and implicit memory.Dec 31, 1999

ECT may immediately increase the blood glucose and total cholesterol levels.Nov 30, 2012

ECT resulted in more severe and persisting retrograde amnesia than right unilateral ECT.Dec 31, 2006

ECT sessions may cause some acute, mild dysfunction of right hemispheric cognitive functions.Apr 14, 2008

ECT significantly affects total leukocyte count, polymorphs, and lymphocytes, and hemoglobin levels in psychiatric patients.Nov 29, 2001

ECT treatment produces a significant impairment of autobiographical memory persisting also three months after the procedure.Jun 29, 2019

ECT, blood pressure changes and neuropsychological deficit.Jun 30, 1985

ECT-induced cognitive side effects are associated with hippocampal enlargement.Oct 07, 2021

Edema in the astrocytes may also be responsible for the adverse cognitive effects and is mediated by metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 and the protein Homer1a. Apr 27, 2023

Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on cognitive functions in therapy-refractory depression.Jun 30, 1998

Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on neuropsychological function and circulating levels of ACTH, cortisol, prolactin, and TSH.Nov 30, 1985

Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on plasma vasopressin and oxytocin.Sep 30, 1998

Effects of electrode placement on symptoms, memory, and sustainment of results after electroconvulsive therapy.Dec 31, 2024

Effects of stimulus intensity and electrode placement on the efficacy and cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy.Mar 24, 1993

Efficacy and cognitive effects of right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy.Nov 30, 2000

Electroconvulsive therapy and complaints of memory dysfunction: a prospective three-year follow-up study.Dec 31, 1982

Electroconvulsive therapy and suicide among the mentally ill in England.May 14, 2011

Electroconvulsive therapy in children and adolescents.Nov 30, 2022

Electroconvulsive therapy reduces frontal cortical connectivity.Apr 02, 2012

Electroconvulsive therapy treatment techniques with lesser cognitive side effects should be considered for patients with lower baseline cognitive status.Jun 18, 2015

Electroconvulsive therapy triggers a reversible decrease in brain N-acetylaspartate.Dec 31, 2022

Electroconvulsive therapy-induced neuroimaging alterations measured by cerebral blood flow in adolescents with major depressive disorder.Apr 13, 2023

Electroconvulsive therapy: the struggles in the decision-making process and the aftermath of treatment.Aug 31, 2009

Electrophysiological correlates of the adverse cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy.May 31, 2000

Episodic memory following deep brain stimulation of the ventral anterior limb of the internal capsule and electroconvulsive therapy.Dec 31, 2016

Evaluation of myocardial damage after electroconvulsive therapy.Jan 31, 2019

Evaluation of pre-ECS antihypertensive drug administration in the attenuation of ECS-induced retrograde amnesia.Aug 31, 1997

Electroconvulsive Therapy

View the Evidence:
274 Abstracts with Electroconvulsive Therapy Research