Bisphenol S is present in the urine from the United States and seven Asian countries - GreenMedInfo Summary

As concern regarding the toxic effects of bisphenol A (BPA) grows, BPA in many consumer products is gradually being replaced with compounds such as bisphenol S (BPS). Nevertheless, data on the occurrence of BPS in human specimens are limited. In this study, 315 urine samples, collected from the general populations in the US, China, India, Japan, Korea, Kuwait, Malaysia, and Vietnam, were analyzed for the presence of total BPS (free plus conjugated) concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). BPS was detected in 81% of the urine samples analyzed at concentrations ranging from below the limit of quantitation (LOQ; 0.02 ng/mL) to 21 ng/mL (geometric mean: 0.168 ng/mL). The urinary BPS concentration varied among countries, and the highest geometric mean concentration [1.18 ng/mL or 0.933µg/g creatinine (Cre)] of BPS was found in urine samples from Japan, followed by the US (0.299 ng/mL, 0.304 µg/g Cre), China (0.226 ng/mL, 0.223 µg/g Cre), Kuwait (0.172 ng/mL, 0.126 µg/g Cre), and Vietnam (0.160 ng/mL, 0.148 µg/g Cre). Median concentrations of BPS in urine samples from the Asian countries were one order of magnitude lower than the median concentrations reported earlier for BPA in the same set of samples, with the exception of samples from Japan. There were no significant differences in BPS concentrations between genders (male versus female), age groups (categorized as ≤19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, and ≥50 years), or races (Caucasian versus Asian). The daily intake (EDI) of BPS was estimated on the basis of urinary concentrations using a simple pharmacokinetic approach. The median EDI values of BPS in Japan, China, US, Kuwait, Vietnam, Malaysia, India, and Korea were1.67, 0.339, 0.316, 0.292, 0.217, 0.122, 0.084, and 0.023 µg/person, respectively. This is the first study to report the occurrence of BPS in human urine.