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Did you know that black pepper, with its potent compound called piperine, can positively affect your health?
Black pepper, one of the most commonly used spices in the world, may be underappreciated for its health benefits. Piperine, a powerful compound found in black pepper, has gastroprotective, antioxidant, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anticancer properties that keep you healthier.[i],[ii]
Five Advantages of the Pepper Powerhouse Piperine
1. Improves Gut Health
Grinding fresh peppercorns is the best way to gain the health advantages of piperine. Recent research shows piperine increases digestive efficiency, enzymes and gut health.[iii],[iv] In a mouse study, black pepper showed effectiveness for treating gastrointestinal disorders.[v]
In addition, piperine increased the small intestine's absorptive surface in a rat model, which suggests eating pepper may help more nutrients be released from the food you eat.[vi] In a mouse model, piperine reduced colon inflammation, a precursor to inflammatory bowel disease.[vii]
2. Protects Your Brain
Chronic inflammation plays a major role in the development of various neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy and depression. Piperine protects your brain by targeting inflammatory pathways.[viii], [ix]
Dementia is often associated with age-related lapses in memory, selective attention and emotional processing,[x] extensive neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the brain.[xi] Piperine dramatically improved these factors in an aging mouse research study, within four weeks.[xii]
Quercetin (25 milligrams (mg)) combined with piperine (2.5 mg) for 28 days significantly enhanced antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in an experimental Parkinson's rat model when compared to quercetin alone.[xiii]
In a streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's rat model, piperine enhanced cognition. The rats increased their maze performance and path memory after taking piperine daily for two to three at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg. The improvements were similar to those achieved via 10 mg/kg of daily memantine, an Alzheimer's drug.[xiv]
A similar Alzheimer's mouse study showed piperine (2.5 to 10 mg/kg daily for 15 days) reversed oxidative stress, restored neurotransmissions, improved cognitive performance and reduced neuroinflammation.[xv] In another animal model, in addition to cognitive improvements, piperine restored the acetylcholinesterase enzyme balance affecting brain and muscle functions.[xvi]
In epilepsy research, piperine improved awareness, senses and mood. This chronic neurologic condition is characterized by seizures involving abnormal electrical discharges in the brain.[xvii] Antioxidant piperine inhibited monoamine oxidase, which lowers dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin neurotransmitters, all linked to depression and anxiety,[xviii] and outperformed the antidepressant fluoxetine.[xix]
3. Anticancer
Cancer emerges from a microenvironment, where tumors and host cells evolve together, cells proliferate, grow and metabolize, and cause angiogenesis (growth of new blood vessels) and hypoxia (low blood oxygen).[xx]
In their research reviews, scientists found that piperine was chemopreventive, antioxidant (detoxified enzymes and suppressed cancer stem cells), inhibited cancer cells (stemmed blood and oxygen flow) and lowered multidrug resistance. [xxi], [xxii]
Studying human prostate cancer cells, piperine effectively blocked voltage gated K channels, which regulate cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis (cell death).[xxiii] In another human in vitro study, piperine was an antitumor agent in lung cancer without host toxicity.[xxiv]
Piperine demonstrated strong antitumor and antimetastatic effects through in vitro studies of human breast, [xxv] liver and lung cancer cells by inhibiting important signaling pathways and disrupting tumor progression.[xxvi]
In a colorectal cancer animal study, piperine enhanced curcumin's effectiveness. Cancer-fighting enzymes increased fourfold with curcumin but sixfold with piperine and curcumin together, achieving a 50% cancer cell reduction.[xxvii] Combined piperine-curcumin positively affected breast cancer cell growth too.[xxviii]
4. Helps Prevent Heart Disease
Targeting metabolic syndrome, which involves the combined risks of obesity, high blood pressure, imbalanced cholesterol and diabetes, is one approach to preventing coronary heart disease.[xxix] Research on piperine shows strong cardioprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.[xxx]
Modelling human metabolic syndrome, scientists fed rats a high carbohydrate, high fat diet for 16 weeks and the animals developed high blood pressure, elevated oxidative stress and inflammation-induced cardiac changes, along with reduced responsiveness of aortic rings, impaired glucose tolerance and abdominal obesity together with liver fibrosis, fat deposits and increased plasma liver enzymes.
Piperine (30 mg) treatment improved all of these markers.[xxxi],[xxxii] In a human trial of 117 metabolic syndrome subjects, a daily curcuminoid (1 gram)-piperine (10 mg) combination for eight weeks significantly improved oxidative stress and inflammatory status.[xxxiii]
In a chemically-induced Type 2 diabetes rat model, piperine and quercetin were significant bioavailability enhancers of curcumin as a treatment to reduce plasma glucose and lipid profile and improve diabetic control over curcumin alone or the diabetes drug glibenclamide.[xxxiv]
Previous animal and in vitro studies showed piperine as an effective treatment for obesity, high cholesterol and Type 2 diabetes.[xxxv],[xxxvi],[xxxvii] In a randomized trial of 118 Type 2 diabetic patients, curcumin (1,000 mg) combined with piperine (10 mg) daily over 12 weeks significantly improved adipokine levels (a measure of obesity) and decreased inflammation compared to the control group.[xxxviii]
5. Boosts Immune System
A strong immune system helps your body fight infections and diseases, oxidative stress from environmental toxins and chemicals, or effects of chemotherapy, radiation and other drug treatments.[xxxix] Piperine has been shown to prevent and mitigate autoimmune diseases[xl] like rheumatoid arthritis,[xli],[xlii] lupus,[xliii] thyroid disorders[xliv] and psoriasis.[xlv]
In a study comparing piperine with curcumin in cell-damaged rats given a pesticide, piperine was better than curcumin under immunocompromised conditions due to its increased antioxidative, anti-apoptotic and chemoprotective properties.[xlvi]
Bacterial sepsis, a serious infection, decreased with piperine due to its significant inhibition of pyrotosis (proinflammatory programmed cell death)[xlvii] and systemic inflammation.[xlviii]
Power of Piperine in Black Pepper
Black pepper should remain a dining staple and be valued for its many health advantages. As a strong fighter for your brain, gut, heart and entire body, piperine boosts your immune system and inhibits inflammation. For scientific studies about this powerhouse, see GreenMedInfo.com's piperine database.
References
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