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I like to watch a little bit of mainstream news to keep abreast of the information, or misinformation, being fed to the general public. A few nights ago I saw a report on the evening news effectively blaming unvaccinated kids for the 2010 outbreak of whooping cough in my home state of California based on a retrospective study published recently in the journal Pediatrics. The next morning headlines read "Anti-vaccine parents caused California's lethal whooping cough epidemic" and "Unvaccinated children helped fuel whooping cough outbreak, data show." Let's start from the beginning.
There were reports of outbreaks starting in the 16th century but Bordetella pertussis was not isolated until 1906. [1] Whooping cough is a toxin-mediated disease associated most commonly with the gram-negative bacterium B. pertussis and the lesser-known B. parapertussis. The bacterium attaches to the cilia (hair like projections) of the epithelial cells in respiratory tract and produce multiple antigens including pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT). These antigens work together to evade host defenses and paralyze the cilia inhibiting the host's ability of the to clear pulmonary secretions. The incubation period can last from 4-42 days. [1]
A symptomatic infection can run through three classic stages. The first is the catarrhal stage in which the person exhibits symptoms similar to the common cold including runny nose, sneezing, low-grade fever and mild cough. The cough may gradually increase in severity over the course of 1-2 weeks leading to the second stage referred to as the paroxysmal stage. The person has sudden bursts, or paroxysms, of coughs that occur more frequently at night. The rapid succession of coughs, which may result in cyanosis (turning blue), emesis (vomiting) and exhaustion, is a labor-intensive attempt to expel thick mucous from the lungs. At the end of a prolonged coughing spell, a quick inspiratory effort infrequently creates the characteristic high-pitched whooping sound. This stage may last up to 10 weeks. [1] In the convalescent stage, the cough gradually reduces in frequency and severity.
Symptomatic Bordetella infections that progress into the paroxysmal stage can cause serious complications in very young infants who have a relatively small trachea and who haven't learned to optimally engage their abdominal muscles during coughing. A lack of maternal protection from breast-feeding and suboptimal care increase the likelihood of a severe course. The most common cause of death is from a bacterial co-infection resulting in pneumonia. [1] Although health officials like to portray severe sequelae as a common occurrence, presumably to increase vaccine uptake, most cases are relatively mild [26] or completely asymptomatic.
"Rates of reported pertussis are 40- to 60-fold less than actual illness rates, and asymptomatic infections are 4-22 times more common than symptomatic infections." [18]
"...B. pertussis has repeatedly been isolated from symptomless individuals (Broome et al. 1979, Broome et al. 1981; Lambert 1965; PHLS, 1969)." [17]
A nationwide vaccination program was started using the DPT (Diphtheria toxoid, Tetanus toxoid, whole-cell Pertussis) vaccine in the 1940's but not before whooping cough deaths had fallen by more than 92 percent in the United States from its peak in the early 1900s. [6,11]
Data from England and Wales showed that mortality from whooping cough had declined by more than 99 percent before the use of the vaccine. [11]
In the years following, doctors began questioning the wisdom and safety of the pertussis vaccination program in major medical journals.
"...it may be questioned whether universal vaccination against pertussis is always justified, especially in view of the increasingly mild nature of the disease and of the very small mortality...An investigation of the incidence of neurological complications after pertussis showed that this was not so high as after vaccination." [7]
"...whooping cough (and measles) are no longer important causes of death or severe illness...I cannot see how it is justifiable to promote mass vaccination of children everywhere against diseases which are generally mild, which confer lasting immunity, and which most children escape or overcome easily without being vaccinated." [8]
"This risk [of neurological damage from the vaccine] far exceeds the present risk of death or permanent damage from whooping-cough or even, in some parts of the country, the chance of contracting it." [9]
"...the risk of pertussis vaccine during the period 1970-83 exceeded those of whooping cough." [31]
The effectiveness of the DPT vaccine was also called into question.
"Immunization records revealed that 74 percent (75 of 101) of the children with pertussis who were 19 months to 12 years old had received four or five doses of the...(DPT) vaccine, and that 82 percent (103 0f 126) of those 7-71 months old had received at least three doses of DPT vaccine." [30]
DTaP replaced DPT in the mid-1990s. Today, the CDC recommends the DTaP (Diphtheria toxoid, Tetanus toxoid, acellular Pertussis) vaccine at 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 15-18 months and 4-6 years. They also recommend a Tdap (Tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, reduced acellular pertussis) booster at 11-12 years. Recently the CDC began recommending a Tdap for post-partum moms prior to hospital discharge to protect newborns but research shows this practice to be ineffective. [28,34]
"Immunizing only postpartum mothers with Tdap vaccine did not reduce pertussis illness in infants ≤6 months of age." [28]
"Adolescent and/or adult vaccination seems to be cost-effective, however data from observational studies suggest that this vaccination strategy...does not affect the disease incidence in infants." [34]
During the statewide "epidemic" in California in 2010, the incidence was 20 cases per 100,000. [2] All 10 deaths reported were in infants <3 months. Although I do not have access to the infants' records, I presume all received the standard antibiotic treatment, which can prevent communicability [29] but may prolong and increase the severity of the illness. [25]
"Children who received an antibiotic had a duration of cough 6 to 11 days longer and spasmodic cough 4 to 13 days longer than untreated patients." [25]
The recent study that generated headlines examined areas with clusters of non-medical exemptions (NMEs) based on kindergarten records and areas with clusters of confirmed, probable, and suspected pertussis cases based on reports to the California Department of Public Health (CDPH). The map below comes directly from the published article.
The analysis found an association between clusters of pertussis cases and NMEs, however, the data shows large regions where no association existed. Keep in mind that specificity of a pertussis infection diagnosis can be poor, with high rates of false-positive results in some laboratories due to factors that include being vaccinated against pertussis. [1]
The authors reference numerous weaknesses in the data including the fact that a NME did not necessarily indicate that the individuals were unvaccinated.
"NME data from California do not contain specific data on which vaccine(s) or dose(s) were not received by a child with a NME, and it is possible that some children with a NME were completely vaccinated against pertussis." [4]
Furthermore, they acknowledge that they did not know if the confirmed pertussis cases in these clusters were up-to-date on their vaccinations.
"Immunization status of cases was not available for a large enough proportion of the pertussis cases to include this variable in our analysis." [4]
A study published in 2012 in the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases analyzed data from a Kaiser Permanente database in Marin County, California which had the 2nd highest incidence of lab confirmed pertussis in the state at 136 per 100,000. [2]
"Of the 132 individuals aged ≤18 years at time of illness, 81% were fully vaccinated, 11% were undervaccinated, and 8% were never vaccinated...Our unvaccinated and undervaccinated population did not appear to contribute significantly to the increased rate of clinical pertussis. Surprisingly, the highest incidence of disease was among previously vaccinated children aged 8-12 years...Surprisingly, in the 2-7 and 8-12 age groups, there was no significant difference in attack rates between fully vaccinated children and both undervaccinated and unvaccinated children..." [3]
In a 2012 study published in the Journal of Pediatric Infectious Disease, they looked at the data from San Diego, CA during the 2010 outbreak.
"Pertussis vaccine effectiveness may decrease more rapidly than previously believed, facilitating spread of pertussis in elementary school-aged children." [5]
In another 2012 study in the New England Journal of Medicine, the authors state:
"In conclusion, our evaluation of data from a large pertussis outbreak in California [in 2010] showed that protection from disease after a fifth dose of DTaP...was relatively short-lived and waned substantially each year." [10]
These studies found that appropriately vaccinated kids can acquire and spread whooping cough due to primary (no initial protection) or secondary (waning protection) vaccine failure.
"Among 176 confirmed cases of infants with pertussis...77% were age-appropriately vaccinated." [33]
"Vaccine effectiveness...was determined to be 41%, 24%, 79%, and 51% for patients aged 2-7 years, 8-12 years, 13-18 years, and 2-18 years, respectively." [3]
"Despite underreporting, an increased incidence of infant, adolescent and adult pertussis has been observed worldwide since the introduction of widespread vaccination." [32]
The aforementioned study alludes to the fact that the data fails to capture individuals who were infected but were not counted because 1) they were asymptomatic, 2) their lab results showed a false-negative, or 3) they were overlooked by parents and physicians due to mild symptoms and an inflated belief in the protection afforded by the vaccine.
"My data provide good evidence that [whooping cough] never really went away. What went away was the ability of doctors to recognize it..." [12]
"[T]he circulation of B pertussis is occurring in adolescents and adults and is manifested by prolonged cough illnesses, which most often go unrecognized as pertussis." [13]
"...the shortfall in reported disease was due largely to atypical...or forgotten infections...Secondly, given the varied spectrum of clinical response to B. pertussis infection, it is reasonable to suppose that some attacks will not be recognized as whooping cough." [17]
Carriage and spread of Bordetella bacterium may be more likely in vaccinated populations due to a phenomenon known as original antigenic sin (OAS). The bacterium secretes adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) that acts to shield and delay identification and elimination by the host's immune system. The recognition of ACT on initial and subsequent infection is crucial for the removal of the microorganism from the respiratory tract. Vaccination has been shown to stimulate minimal antibody response to ACT relative to a natural infection. [14] This weak ACT antibody response and poor clearance is programmed and repeated on subsequent infection in vaccinated populations leading to OAS.
"Of particular interest is the lack of a significant ACT antibody response in children for whom the DTP or DTaP vaccines failed. This induced tolerance is intriguing and may be due to the phenomenon called 'original antigenic sin'."[15]
"The lesser protection provided by DTaP....may be due to [OAS], when initial exposure locks in the immune response to certain epitopes and inhibits epitopes on subsequent exposures." [16]
"Vaccinated children may asymptomatic reservoirs for infection." [27]
Pertussis vaccines are now being implicated for inducing an evolutionary genetic mutation in the pertussis bacterium. Australia has reported a sharp increase in whooping cough cases since 2008 predominantly caused by new genotype of B. pertussis. [22] Researchers have discovered that B. pertussis strains are mutating into more virulent forms in the Netherlands and worldwide.
"Modern B. pertussis strains differed significantly from pre-vaccination strains...Indeed this is exemplified by the rapid emergence of ptxP3 strains with increased toxin production." [20]
"...the dramatic increase in pertussis is temporally associated with B. pertussis strains...which confers increased pertussis toxin (ptx) production. Epidemiologic data suggest that these strains are more virulent in humans." [21]
Animal research is also implicating the vaccine in the rise of B. parapertussis infections and an enhancement of its ability to colonize the lungs potentially enhancing its virulence.
"...aP vaccination helped clear B. pertussis but resulted in an approximately 40-fold increase in B. parapertussis colony-forming units (CFUs)...Further we show that aP vaccination impedes host immunity against B. parapertussis..." [19]
"...a highly significant enhancement of colonization by B. parapertussis was observed in mice vaccinated with acellular vaccines." [24]
The authors of this latest study in Pediatrics conclude:
"Our data suggest a clustering of NMEs may have been 1 of several factors in the 2010 California pertussis resurgence." [4]
I have detailed many of those other factors here and explained why the evidence fails to implicate unvaccinated kids for the recent whooping cough outbreaks but instead points to the vaccine itself. Some reporters and journalists may base their headlines and content on a brief read of the abstract and a quick search on Wikipedia. I do not expect them to have my clinical experience but I would hope that, in the future, they do a more complete review of the published, peer-reviewed medical literature in an effort to present a more accurate picture to their audience.
It has been said that the road to hell is paved with good intentions. The unintended consequences of well-meaning but shortsighted medical interventions and programs litter the dustbin of human history. In nearly all of the literature that I reference, there were calls for more vaccine coverage. Do researchers and health officials truly not see the futility of trying to eliminate one microorganism after another with an endless parade of vaccines rather than focusing on optimizing immunity to protect against all pathogens through efforts such as increasing rates of natural childbirth and breast-feeding, improved sanitation, clean water and better nutrition? In my practice, I've had parents report tremendous success eliminating symptomatic pertussis infections utilizing breast-feeding and/or a high-dose vitamin C protocol.
"Nothing is more dangerous than an idea when it is the only one you have." –Emile Chartier
References:
[1] CDC. The Pinkbook: Course Textbook – 12th edition second printing (May, 2012)
[2] California Department of Public Health, Immunization Branch. Pertussis report: December 15, 2010. Sacramento: California Department of Public Health, 2010
[3] Witt, M. et al., "Unexpectedly Limited Duration of Immunity Following Acellular Pertussis Vaccination in Pre-Adolescents in a North American Outbreak." Clin Infect Diseases, Mar 15, 2012.
[4] Atwell, J. et al. "Nonmedical Vaccine Exemptions and Pertussis in California, 2010." Pediatrics 2013
[5] Chan, M. H. et al. "The California Pertussis Epidemic 2010: A Review of 986 Pediatric Case Reports From San Diego County." J Ped Infect Dis (2012) 1 (1): 47-54
[6] Cherry, J. et al. "Report on the Task Force on Pertussis and Pertussis Immunization-1988" Pediatrics, vol. 81, no. 6, Jun 1998, Part 2, p. 939
[7] Strom, J. "Is Universal Vaccination Against Pertussis Always Justified?" BMJ, Oct 22, 1960, p.1186
[8] Stewart, G. "Whooping Cough in Relation to Other Childhood Infections in 1977-9 in the United Kingdom," J. of Epidemiology and Comm. Health, vol. 35, 1981, p. 145
[9] Gordon, S. "Vaccination Against Whooping-Cough: Efficacy Versus Risks" The Lancet, Jan 29, 1977, p. 237
[10] Klein, N. et al. "Waning Protection after Fifth Dose of Acellular Pertussis Vaccine in Children" N Engl J Med 2012; 367:1012-1019
[11] Bystrianyk, R. & Humphries, S. Dissolving Illusions. 2013, pp. 293-336
[12] Jenkinson, D. "Increase in Pertussis May Be Due to Increased Recognition and Diagnosis," BMJ, vol. 21, August 2012, p. 345
[13] Cherry, J. "The Epidemiology of Pertussis: A Comparison of the Epidemiology of the Disease Pertussis with the Epidemiology of Bordetella Pertussis Infection," Pediatrics, vol. 115, no. 5, May 2005, p. 1422
[14] Cherry, J. et al., "Determination of Serum Antibody to Bordetella Pertussis Adenylate Cyclase Toxin in Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Children and in Children and Adults with Pertussis," Clin Infect Diseases, vol. 15, no. 4, Feb 2004, pp. 502-07
[15] Cherry, J. et al., "Antibody Response Patterns to Bordetella Pertussis Antigens in Vaccinated (Primed) and Unvaccinated (Unprimed) Young Children with Pertussis," Clin and Vaccine Immunology, vol. 17, no. 5, May 2010, pp. 741-7
[16] Sheridan, S. et al., "Number and Order of Whole Cell Pertussis Vaccines in Infancy and Disease," JAMA, vol. 308, no. 5, Aug 1, 2012, pp. 454-6
[17] Fine, P. et al, "Distribution of Immunity to Pertussis in the Population of England and Wales," J. of Hygiene, vol. 92, no. 1, Feb 1984, pp. 21-26
[18] Cherry, J. "Epidemiology of Pertussis," Ped Infect Dis J, vol. 25, no. 4, Apr 2006, pp. 361-2
[19] Long, GH, et al., "Acellular pertussis vaccination facilitates Bordetella parapertussis infection in a rodent model of bordetellosis," Proc Bio. Sci. 2010 Jul 7;277(1690):2017-25
[20] Marieke J Bart, et al. "Comparative Genomics of prevaccination & modern Bordetella pertussis Strains." BMC Genomics. Nov, 2010
[21] Frits R. Mooi, et al. "Bordetella pertussis strains with increased toxin production associated with pertussis resurgence." Emerging Infect Dis. Aug, 2009
[22] Octavia et al., "Newly Emerging Clones of Bordetella Pertussis Carrying Prn2 and Ptxp3 Alleles Implicated in Australian Pertussis Epidemic in 2008-2010," J. of Infect Dis, vol. 205, no. 8, Apr 15, 2012, pp. 1220-44
[23] Geier DA, et al. "An evaluation of serious neurological disorders following immunization: a comparison of whole-cell pertussis and acellular pertussis vaccines." Brain Dev. 2004 Aug;26(5):296-300
[24] David S, et al, "Efficacies of whole cell and acellular pertussis vaccines against Bordetella parapertussis in a mouse model," Vaccine 2004 May 7;22(15-16):1892-8
[25] Tozzi AE, et al. "Clinical presentation of pertussis in unvaccinated and vaccinated children in the first six years of life." Pediatrics 2003 Nov;112(5):1069-75
[26] Jenkinson, D., "Natural course of 500 consecutive cases of whooping cough: a general practice population study." BMJ 1995 Feb 4; 310(6975): 299-302
[27] Srugo, I. et al. "Pertussis infection in fully vaccinated children in day-care centers, Israel," Emerg Infect Dis. 2000 Sep-Oct;6(5):526-9
[28] Castagnini, L. "Impact of maternal postpartum tetanus and diphtheria toxoids and acellular pertussis immunization on infant pertussis infection," Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Jan 1;54(1):78-84
[29] Altunaiji S., et al. "Antibiotics for whooping cough." Cochrane Database Rev. 2005 Jan 25
[30] Christie, CD. et al. "The 1993 epidemic of pertussis in Cincinnati. Resurgence of disease in a highly immunization population of children." N Engl J Med. 1994 Jul 7;331(1):16-21
[31] Stewart GT. "Whooping cough and pertussis vaccine: a comparison of risks and benefits in Britain during the period 1968-83." Dev Biol Stand. 1985;61:395-405
[32] Tan T, et al. "Epidemiology of pertussis." Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005 May;24(5 Suppl):S10-8
[33] Hanson MP, et al. "Infant pertussis epidemiology and implications for tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccination: King County, Washington, 2002 through 2007." Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011 Jul;165(7):647-52
[34] Chiappini E, et al. "Pertussis re-emergence in the post-vaccination era," BMC Infect Dis. 2013; 13: 151
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