Measles Outbreak, Fake News and Mass Hysteria

Darla Shine, Wife of a Trump Administration Official, found herself labeled as "anti-vaccination" in the center of a media storm this week after she made a few comments on social media about "bringing back childhood diseases" like measles. (1-7) (27) 

Virtually every major news outlet ran vicious anti-Darla Shine "hit-piece" articles which defamed her character, her husband's character, and offered opposing "Pro-Vaccination Material" for the discerning consumer. Header image: Measles virus diagram and Electron Microscopy courtesy of Human Viruses.

Search Engine Results Couldn't Be Rigged, Could They?

In addition, Google search engine results have obviously been manipulated to preferentially show pro-vaccination search results when entering key words such as "Darla Shine" and "measles". Welcome to the new world of internet censorship. Next, we can expect Facebook to start censoring speech by blocking users who question vaccine safety. If vaccines are so safe and effective, why do they keep changing them? And why does the Federal Vaccine Court keep paying out Billions of dollars in compensation for vaccine injuries?

Primary and Secondary Vaccine Failure

Of course, we can expect a measles outbreak every year or so, simply because measles vaccine immunity wanes gradually over time, rendering the vaccinated population susceptible to wild type measles infection. (8) For example, Dr. Gregory Poland, world expert on measles vaccine, wrote an article in Vaccine 2012, saying measles outbreaks in highly vaccinated populations occur because of primary and secondary vaccine failure. (36)

Thus, measles outbreaks also occur even among highly vaccinated populations because of primary and secondary vaccine failure, which results in gradually larger pools of susceptible persons and outbreaks once measles is introduced [8]. This leads to a paradoxical situation whereby measles in highly immunized societies occurs primarily among those previously immunized" [8].(Quote Gregory Poland) (36)

Similar measles outbreaks have been documented in other highly vaccinated populations in other countries such as Israel (9), Nigeria (10), Korea (22), Czech Republic (23), Australia (24), and Japan (25) involving the vaccinated as well as unvaccinated. (9,10) (22-25)

Longer Term Protection with Wild Type Measles

Dr. Jan Smeta says in 2017 PLOS, that natural infection with wild type measles confers longer term protection than live measles vaccine, and vaccine immunity wanes gradually over time. Mothers who had wild type measles may pass antibody protection to the newborns, however mothers who had the live attenuated measles vaccine cannot do so. Their babies are unprotected. (23)

coverage against measles, which in the Czech Republic, over the long term, exceeds 95%…Natural infection provides longer term protection than vaccination. Post vaccination immunity decreases in time. Passive immunity may be compromised in newborns of vaccinated mothers." (23)

As Dr. Poland mentions, if the problem is vaccine failure, then the solution is to design a better vaccine, not to remove the religious and philosophical vaccine exemptions by legislative mandate. Removing vaccine exemptions does not address the issue of primary and secondary vaccine failure which is responsible for recurring outbreaks even in highly vaccinated populations.

Whipping Up Hysteria and Fear to Remove Exemptions

However, in spite of this obvious problem of measles vaccine failure, the media is whipping up measles hysteria to push for legislation to remove vaccine exemptions. Fear makes people surrender their constitutional right to medical freedom, reluctantly agreeing to be coerced into medical procedures they would otherwise decline.

Conspiracy Theory?

Of course, the media is merely trumpeting the Pro-Vaccine agenda of Big Pharma. That is a given, and to be expected. However, call it a conspiracy theory, but isn't it a little bit suspicious that the push for vaccine mandates is orchestrated by the Big Pharma vaccine makers who contribute heavily to state congressional bodies. Isn't it a bit suspicious that Big Pharma stands to pocket billions from their vaccines, with no incentive to make them safe, since Big Pharma was removed from liability in 1986 by The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act (NCVIA). Isn't it a bit suspicious that vaccines are not required to undergo the same type of placebo controlled trials as all other drugs? Isn't it a bit suspicious that vaccine makers are exempt from liability for vaccine adverse side effects? Instead, the vaccine damaged child must seek compensation in the federal vaccine court, fighting for years against a team of adversarial federal attorneys.

Adverse Effects of Measles Vaccine

This is a good place to ask the question, how safe is the attenuated live virus measles vaccine? This brings up the question of reported adverse events. Here is a quote from the NVIC (National Vaccine Information center)

As of November 30, 2018, there have been more than 92,844 reports of measles vaccine reactions, hospitalizations, injuries and deaths following measles vaccinations made to the federal Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS), including 457 related deaths, 6,902 hospitalizations, and 1,736 related disabilities." (28)

Deaths: 2 measles vs. 127 vaccine

According to Dr. Alvin Moss, there have been 2 deaths linked to wild type measles in the last 15 years, yet there here have been 127 deaths linked to the measles vaccine.  (29) Dr. Alvin H. Moss, M.D. testified at the West Virginia Senate Education Committee on Saturday, March 18, 2017. Dr. Moss is a physician and professor in the Center for Health Ethics & Law department at West Virginia University​. Jump to very end of video where Dr. Moss discusses 2 reported deaths from measles compared to 127 reported deaths from measles vaccine (reported in VAERS) during same time period. (29)

If you accept Dr. Alvin Moss's statistics, then the live measles vaccine is responsible for 63.5 times more deaths than the wild type measles virus. It doesn't take a rocket scientist to figure this out. The risk/benefit ratio comes out in favor of the wild type virus, not the vaccine.

Live Polio Vaccine Discontinued

This same thing happened with the live polio vaccine which was discontinued (in the US) in 2000 because the vaccine was causing more cases of polio than the wild type polio virus itself. (37) Perhaps it is time to think about discontinuing the live attenuated measles vaccine for this same reason. The CDC declared measles eradicated in the year 2000. If the measles vaccine is causing 63.5 more deaths than the wild type measles virus, why not just declare victory and stop vaccinating for measles? 

Vaccine Associated Measles

Since the measles vaccine is a live virus vaccine, vaccination itself may cause a disease indistinguishable from measles, with shedding of virus.(11) (31,32) In 1999, Dr. Ari Bitnun reported a case of a child who died after a measles vaccination from "Measles inclusion body encephalitis". This child's illness was caused by vaccine strain virus as confirmed with DNA sequencing of the virus particle. (35)

We report a case of measles inclusion-body encephalitis in an apparently healthy 21-month-old boy 8.5 months after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination. He had no prior evidence of immune deficiency and no history of measles exposure or clinical disease. . . . The nucleotide sequence in the nucleoprotein and fusion gene regions was identical to that of the Moraten and Schwarz vaccine strains. . . . On hospital day 51, the patient died after ventilatory support was withdrawn. . . . An immunologic evaluation of this patient was prompted by the diagnosis of MIBE." (35)

Although the measles vaccine may cause an illness indistinguishable from wild type measles, there has never been a documented case of measles vaccine strain virus transmissible from one human to another human. The vaccine virus has been attenuated which prevents transmission from one human to another. (12)

Vitamin A for Measles

Vitamin A deficiency is associated with mortality from measles, and most serious measles cases are preventable with adequate levels of vitamin A. (38) (19) You might think while bashing Darla Shine, CNN or Newsweek would mention the importance of Vitamin A supplementation to help with rapid recovery (without complications) from the wild measles virus and from the vaccine strain virus. None of them mentioned it.

Conclusion: The Medical Information War is in Full Gear. Which side will you be on? The side of the "Sheeple", succumbing to mass media hysteria, and surrendering your right to medical freedom, or the side of "Constitutional Free Choice", reserving your right to choose of your own free will?

Debunking Measles Mania Interview with Dr Bob Sears on High Wire

For additional research on natural, evidence-based interventions for measles, visit the GreenMedInfo database on the subject. 

References

1) Wife of White House communications director pushes false anti-vaccination claims By Kate Sullivan, Debra Goldschmidt and Ben Tinker, CNN

2) Darla Shine, Wife of Top Trump Official Bill Shine, Goes on Pro-Measles, Anti-Vax Rant 'Bring back our #ChildhoodDiseases,' wrote the former Fox News executive's wife, 'they keep you healthy & fight cancer.' Surprise: she's dangerously wrong.
Tanya Basu 12:16 PM ET

3) Wife of Trump Aide Criticizes CNN Coverage of Measles Outbreak as 'Fake Hysteria' in Anti-Vaccination Message By Jenni Fink On 2/13/19 at 12:20 PM

4) Wife of White House communications chief goes on anti-vaccine tirade Former TV producer Darla Shine spreads conspiracy theories about measles outbreak on Sabrina Siddiqui Wed 13 Feb 2019 21.31 EST

5) Wife of Trump Administration Official Claims Measles Can Cure Cancer by Katie Herzog • Feb 13, 2019 at 11:34 am

by Katie Herzog • Feb 13, 2019 at 11:34 am

6) In anti-vaccine rant, wife of top Trump aide says it's time to 'bring back our childhood diseases'

7) Wife of Trump Aide Criticizes CNN Coverage of Measles Outbreak as 'Fake Hysteria' in Anti-Vaccination Message By Jenni Fink On 2/13/19 at 12:20 PM

8) Measles by Suzanne Humphreys

Mass vaccination can stop endemic disease outbreaks by removing wild virus transmission and circulation in the community, but does NOT induce permanent immunity in the vaccinated. It is well known and agreed upon, that because the measles vaccine gives a subclinical case of measles by injection, that the vaccine interrupted wild measles transmission. That is why we have low levels of wild measles today. The same applies to the oral poliovirus vaccine, which also carried enough risk so as to be discontinued in the USA.

Today with two measles vaccines to over 95% of the USA children and repeat vaccines later in life, we are left with:

Vaccinated mothers who do not protect their young infants like naturally immune mothers did, and thus a MORE vulnerable infant population.[23]

A number of susceptibles in highly vaccinated populations that far exceeds the number of adolescent and adult susceptibles in the pre-vaccine era.

Why? Because of primary and secondary vaccine failure; something that prominent vaccinologists write about.[24]

Today the measles outbreaks in the USA are blamed on the vaccine refusers, despite the fact that half of the cases from the California Disneyland outbreak were of "unknown" vaccination status and 18% were fully vaccinated[25].

A paper from 2011 by Shi[52] looked to see the genetic variation in wild type measles viruses and they found it is becoming significant enough to be thinking of the "new golden era of vaccines" and to ramp up the current vaccines and bring in some new ones in order to get around the growing problem of antigenic drift among highly vaccinated populations.

Shi came right out and said of the 14 out of 16 cases that were fully vaccinated who were tested:

"These data suggest that the 16 patients from whom the 16 measles strains were isolated were susceptible to wild-type measles virus infection, perhaps resulting from the mutations of the wild-type measles virus."

Today, all clinical cases of measles in vaccinated people are genotyped, and if the virus in the infected person is a vaccine virus, that case is struck from the record.

Measles mortality had declined by over 98% in the United States by the time the first vaccine was introduced

9) Avramovich E, Indenbaum V, Haber M, et al. Measles Outbreak in a Highly Vaccinated Population — Israel, July–August 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018;67:1186–1188.

On August 6, 2017, the Israeli Defense Force Public Heath Branch (IDFPHB) was notified of two suspected measles cases. IDFPHB conducted an epidemiologic investigation, which identified nine measles cases in a population with high measles vaccination coverage. All measles patients had signs and symptoms consistent with modified measles (i.e., less severe disease with milder rash, fever, or both, with or without other mild typical measles symptoms).

10) Faneye, Adedayo O., et al. "Measles virus infection among vaccinated and unvaccinated children in Nigeria." Viral immunology 28.6 (2015): 304-308.

This study investigated measles infection in vaccinated and unvaccinated children presenting with fever and maculopapular rash during measles outbreaks in the southern and western states of Nigeria. Measles, an acute viral illness caused by a virus in the family Paramyxoviridae, is a vaccine-preventable disease. Measles outbreak is common in Nigeria, despite the national immunization program. Children presenting with symptoms of measles infection in general hospitals and health centers in the states of southern and western Nigeria were recruited for this study. Vaccination history, clinical details, and 5 mL of blood were obtained from the children. Their sera samples were screened for specific immunoglobulin M antibodies to measles virus. Of 234 children tested (124 [53.2%] female), 133 (56.8%) had previously been vaccinated against measles virus, while 93 (39.7%) had not been vaccinated. Vaccination information for eight children could not be retrieved. One hundred and forty-three (62.4%) had measles IgM antibodies. Of these, 79 (55.3%) had been vaccinated for measles, while 65 (44.7%) had not. Despite the ongoing vaccination program in Nigeria, a high number of children are still being infected with measles, despite their vaccination status. Therefore, there is need to identify the reason for the low level of vaccine protection.

11) Rizzuti, Francesco A., and Joseph Kim. "Vaccine-associated measles in a healthy 40-year-old woman." Canadian Medical Association. Journal 190.35 (2018): E1046-E1048.

12) Greenwood, Kathryn P., et al. "A systematic review of human-to-human transmission of measles vaccine virus." Vaccine 34.23 (2016): 2531-2536.

Abstract

Measles is one of the most contagious human diseases. Administration of the live attenuated measles vaccine has substantially reduced childhood mortality and morbidity since its licensure in 1963. The live but attenuated form of the vaccine describes a virus poorly adapted to replicating in human tissue, but with a replication yield sufficient to elicit an immune response for long-term protection. Given the high transmissibility of the wild-type virus and that transmission of other live vaccine viruses has been documented, we conducted a systematic review to establish if there is any evidence of human-to-human transmission of the live attenuated measles vaccine virus. We reviewed 773 articles for genotypic confirmation of a vaccine virus transmitted from a recently vaccinated individual to a susceptible close contact. No evidence of human-to-human transmission of the measles vaccine virus has been reported amongst the thousands of clinical samples genotyped during outbreaks or endemic transmission and individual case studies worldwide.

13) Msaouel, Pavlos, et al. "Oncolytic measles virus strains as novel anticancer agents." Expert opinion on biological therapy 13.4 (2013): 483-502.

A number of published clinical reports throughout the 20th century have indicated the anticancer potential of wild type measles virus (MV) strains. The first such case was published in 1949 and reported Hodgkin's lymphoma regression following wild-type measles infection [3]. This was followed by multiple case reports describing significant regressions of hematological malignancies, including Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease and leukemias, occurring after natural infection with wild-type MV [3-10].

14) Mota, H. Carmona. "Infantile Hodgkin's disease: remission after measles." British medical journal 2.5863 (1973): 421. 2 year old lymphoma mass in neck disappears after measles case report

15) Russell, Stephen J., and Kah Whye Peng. "Measles virus for cancer therapy." Measles. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009. 213-241.

16) Msaouel, Pavlos, Angela Dispenzieri, and Evanthia Galanis. "Clinical testing of engineered oncolytic measles virus strains in the treatment of cancer: an overview." Current opinion in molecular therapeutics 11.1 (2009): 43.

17) Lech, Patrycja J., and Stephen J. Russell. "Use of attenuated paramyxoviruses for cancer therapy." Expert review of vaccines 9.11 (2010): 1275-1302.

18) Ong, Hooi Tin, et al. "Oncolytic measles virus targets high CD46 expression on multiple myeloma cells." Experimental hematology 34.6 (2006): 713-720.

19) Measles Physicians for Informed Content

It has been scientifically confirmed that low levels of vitamin A are associated with measles mortality. Indeed, populations with prevalent vitamin A deficiency are 30–60 times more likely to die from measles.

Does measles cause more harm than the MMR vaccine?

The answer to this question is not known. In the pre-vaccine era, measles caused 400 annual cases of death and 100 annual cases of permanent harm; however, most serious measles cases are preventable with adequate levels of vitamin A. In contrast, the MMR vaccine causes 5,700 annual seizures, of which 300 (5%) result in epilepsy; and seizures are only 12% of the serious reactions from the MMR vaccine that are reported to VAERS. Furthermore, the Measles Vaccine Risk Statement (VRS) also shows that studies have not ruled out the possibility of MMR causing permanent harm four times more often than measles causes death.

The available research and data have not proven that the risks of the MMR vaccine are less than the risks of measles, as described in the Measles DIS and VRS.

20) Did vaccines save humanity?
BY J.B. HANDLEY August 3, 2018

21) Herd Immunity"? A dishonest marketing gimmick
BY J.B. HANDLEY June 8, 2018

22) Kang, Hae Ji, et al. "An increasing, potentially measles-susceptible population over time after vaccination in Korea." Vaccine 35.33 (2017): 4126-4132.

Despite high measles vaccination coverage by a successful national vaccination program, small outbreaks have occurred following the importation from other countries in recent years, even though the circulation of wild measles viruses in Korea has been stopped since 2010 [4], [13].

Such outbreaks have affected mostly unvaccinated people, but they also occurred in adolescents and young adults who had been previously vaccinated against measles [4], [13].

During 2010–2016 in Korea, 36.2% of individuals with confirmed measles infection were unvaccinated, 46.8% were vaccinated previously (10.5% with 1-dose, 36.2% with 2-dose), and vaccination information was not available for 17% of infected individuals (data not shown).

The existence of potential factors underlying vaccine failure, such as waning immunity, was suggested by data generated in previous studies on measles outbreaks in highly vaccinated populations [5], [6], [8], [9].

Several reports have warned that the susceptibility to measles infection may be rising because of waning vaccine-induced immunity over time after vaccination, in the absence of natural boosting by circulating measles viruses [22], [23]. Our data showed good agreement between the incidence of measles and the susceptible age groups (adolescents and young adults) with measles seronegativity observed, suggesting the potential accumulation of measles-susceptible individuals in the population due to waning immunity, which may pose increased risk for measles outbreaks following measles importation from other endemic countries.

Czech Republic

23) Smetana, Jan, et al. "Decreasing Seroprevalence of Measles Antibodies after Vaccination–Possible Gap in Measles Protection in Adults in the Czech Republic." PloS one 12.1 (2017): e0170257.

Coverage against measles, which in the Czech Republic, over the long term, exceeds 95%

Natural infection provides longer term protection than vaccination
Post vaccination immunity decreases in time
Passive immunity may be compromised in newborns of vaccinated mothers

Czech Republic in 2014, during which 186 laboratory confirmed cases were recorded [13]. The most affected age group was formed by persons aged 34–44 years, which corresponds with our finding of the lowest seropositivity of IgG antibodies [6].

Conclusions: Our results confirm the long-term persistence of high seropositivity rate after natural measles infection. By contrast, seropositivity after vaccination decreases over time. Similarly, the concentrations of specific antibodies in persons with history of measles persist for a longer time period and at a higher level than in vaccinated persons. It shows that natural infection provides better protection than vaccination.

Measles might therefore become a disease that can occur more often even in countries with high levels of vaccination coverage, such as the Czech Republic, not only in unvaccinated children, but especially in the adult population.

Australia

24) Gidding, H. F., et al. "Declining measles antibodies in the era of elimination: Australia's experience." Vaccine 36.4 (2018): 507.

A number of countries with sustained measles control have now demonstrated that measles-specific IgG antibodies decline with time since vaccination.

Japan

25) Kinoshita, Ryo, and Hiroshi Nishiura. "Assessing age-dependent susceptibility to measles in Japan." Vaccine 35.25 (2017): 3309-3317.

Routine vaccination against measles in Japan started in 1978. Whereas measles elimination was verified in 2015, multiple chains of measles transmission were observed in 2016. We aimed to reconstruct the age-dependent susceptibility to measles in Japan so that future vaccination strategies can be elucidated.
METHODS: An epidemiological model was used to quantify the age-dependent immune fraction using datasets of vaccination coverage and seroepidemiological survey. The second dose was interpreted in two different scenarios, i.e., booster and random shots. The effective reproduction number, the average number of secondary cases generated by a single infected individual, and the age at infection were explored using the age-dependent transmission model and the next generation matrix.
RESULTS: While the herd immunity threshold of measles likely ranges from 90% to 95%, assuming that the basic reproductive number ranges from 10 to 20, the estimated immune fraction in Japan was below those thresholds in 2016, despite the fact that the estimates were above 80% for all ages. If the second dose completely acted as the booster shot, a proportion immune above 90% was achieved only among those aged 5years or below in 2016. Alternatively, if the second dose was randomly distributed regardless of primary vaccination status, a proportion immune over 90% was achieved among those aged below 25years. The effective reproduction number was estimated to range from 1.50 to 3.01 and from 1.50 to 3.00, respectively, for scenarios 1 and 2 in 2016; if the current vaccination schedule were continued, the reproduction number is projected to range from 1.50 to 3.01 and 1.39 to 2.78, respectively, in 2025.
CONCLUSION: Japan continues to be prone to imported cases of measles. Supplementary vaccination among adults aged 20-49years would be effective if the chains of transmission continue to be observed in that age group.

US CDC

26) https://www.cdc.gov/measles/downloads/measlesdataandstatsslideset.pdf

Measles Data and Statistics

Measles in the United States, 2016*
•86 cases reported from 19 states; 
4 outbreaks
•97% cases import-associated
•Of the 18 direct importations, 12 were U.S. residents, 6 were foreign visitors
•73% were outbreak-related
•Outbreaks ranged in size from 6 to 32 cases
•Cases among U.S. residents (N=55)
•56% unvaccinated
•18% unknown vaccination status•26% vaccinated

27) Bring back our #ChildHoodDiseases': White House communications director's wife criticizes vaccines. By Lindsey Bever February 14 at 4:01 PM

28) Measles Overview

As of November 30, 2018, there have been more than 92,844 reports of measles vaccine reactions, hospitalizations, injuries and deaths following measles vaccinations made to the federal Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS), including 457 related deaths, 6,902 hospitalizations, and 1,736 related disabilities.

Over 50% of those adverse events occurred in children three years old and under. As of January 2, 2019, there had been 1,258 claims filed in the federal Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) for injuries and deaths following MMR vaccination, including 82 deaths and 1,176 serious injuries.
Evidence has been published in the medical literature that vaccinated persons can get measles because either they do not respond to the vaccine or the vaccine's efficacy wanes over time19 20 21 22 and vaccinated mothers do not transfer long lasting maternal antibodies to their infants to protect them in the first few months of life.23 24

29) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gDhv-MzHlHo
Dr. Alvin H. Moss, M.D. | Full Testimony (West Virginia Senate Education Committee)

30) Measles Madness: Dr. Brian Hooker's Statement to WA Legislators
Brian S. Hooker, PH.D., P.E.
SCIENCE ADVISER, FOCUS FOR HEALTH | BIO February 13, 2019

31) Murti, M., et al. "Case of vaccine-associated measles five weeks post-immunisation, British Columbia, Canada, October 2013." Eurosurveillance 18.49 (2013): 20649.

32) Kaic, Bernard, et al. "Spotlight on measles 2010: excretion of vaccine strain measles virus in urine and pharyngeal secretions of a child with vaccine associated febrile rash illness, Croatia, March 2010." Eurosurveillance 15.35 (2010): 19652.

33) The Story of Measles' Sharp Decline by Marco Cáceres Published April 12, 2016 | Vaccination, History

34) First They Came for the Anti-Vaxxers By Bretigne Shaffer April 23, 2015

35) Bitnun, Ari, et al. "Measles inclusion-body encephalitis caused by the vaccine strain of measles virus." Clinical infectious diseases 29.4 (1999): 855-861.Measles_encephalitis_vaccine_strain_Ari_Bitnun_Clinical_infectious_diseases_1999

21 month old dies from measles encephalitis after MMR shot. Measles_encephalitis_vaccine_strain_Ari_Bitnun_Clinical_infectious_diseases_1999 Bitnun, Ari, et al. "Measles inclusion-body encephalitis caused by the vaccine strain of measles virus." Clinical infectious diseases 29.4 (1999): 855-861.

"We report a case of measles inclusion-body encephalitis in an apparently healthy 21-month-old boy 8.5 months after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination. He had no prior evidence of immune deficiency and no history of measles exposure or clinical disease. . . . The nucleotide sequence in the nucleoprotein and fusion gene regions was identical to that of the Moraten and Schwarz vaccine strains. . . . On hospital day 51, the patient died after ventilatory support was withdrawn. . . . An immunologic evaluation of this patient was prompted by the diagnosis of MIBE. While we cannot ascribe his condition to any classic immunodeficiency syndrome, our findings support the presence of a primary immunodeficiency"

36) Poland, Gregory A., and Robert M. Jacobson. "The re-emergence of measles in developed countries: time to develop the next-generation measles vaccines?." Vaccine 30.2 (2012): 103.

Thus, measles outbreaks also occur even among highly vaccinated populations because of primary and secondary vaccine failure, which results in gradually larger pools of susceptible persons and outbreaks once measles is introduced [8]. This leads to a paradoxical situation whereby measles in highly immunized societies occurs primarily among those previously immunized [8].

37) Mutant Strains of Polio Vaccine Now Cause More Paralysis Than Wild Polio June 28, 2017 NPR Jason Beaubien

38) Sudfeld, Christopher R., Ann Marie Navar, and Neal A. Halsey. "Effectiveness of measles vaccination and vitamin A treatment." International journal of epidemiology 39.suppl_1 (2010): i48-i55.

39) Obukhanych, Tetyana. "Herd Immunity: Myth or Reality?." STATE OF IMMUNITY 9.6 (2014): 85. Obukhanych Tetyana Herd Immunity Myth or Reality STATE OF IMMUNITY 2014.

40) Obukhanych, Tetyana. "Herd Immunity: Can Mass Vaccination Achieve It?."

41) Fisher, Barbara Loe. "The Moral Right to Conscientious, Philosophical and Personal Belief Exemption to Vaccination." National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC) (1997).

42) Lawrence Solomon: Vaccines can't prevent measles outbreaks
Lawrence Solomon: Measles in highly immunized societies occurs primarily among those previously immunized