Amnesia

Views 474
Download the GMI DOC on this Topic

Sign in to Purchase/Download Documents

Sign in / Register

Focus Your Research

Click any topic below to filter + focus research
22 Substances Researched for Amnesia
NameACCKFocus
Bacopa24Locked
Flavonoids24Locked
Almond12Locked
Ayurvedic Formulation: Chyawanprash12Locked
Beet12Locked
Blackberry12Locked
Butterfly Pea12Locked
Caffeine12Locked
Chamomile12Locked
Evodia ruteacarpa12Locked
Ginkgo biloba12Locked
Gotu Kola12Locked
Holy Basil12Locked
Jambul 12Locked
Lavender12Locked
Melatonin12Locked
Moringa oleifera12Locked
Palash12Locked
Pine Bark Extract12Locked
Pumpkin Seeds12Locked
Turmeric12Locked
Wheat Grass12Locked
1 Problematic Actions Researched for Amnesia
NameACCKFocus
Electroconvulsive Therapy26120Locked

View the Evidence:
48 Abstracts with Amnesia Research

[+]

ECT, blood pressure changes and neuropsychological deficit.Jun 30, 1985

Pubmed Data : Br J Psychiatry. 1985 Jul ;147:36-8. PMID: 4063606
Article Published Date : Jun 30, 1985
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia, Hypertension
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
Adverse Pharmacological Actions : Hypertensive
[+]

Electroconvulsive therapy and complaints of memory dysfunction: a prospective three-year follow-up study.Dec 31, 1982

Pubmed Data : Br J Psychiatry. 1983 Jan ;142:1-8. PMID: 6831121
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 1982
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia, Memory Disorders
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
[+]

Electroconvulsive therapy treatment techniques with lesser cognitive side effects should be considered for patients with lower baseline cognitive status.Jun 18, 2015

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015 Jun 19 ;18(12). Epub 2015 Jun 19. PMID: 26091817
Article Published Date : Jun 18, 2015
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia, Memory Disorders
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
[+]

Electrophysiological correlates of the adverse cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy.May 31, 2000

Pubmed Data : J ECT. 2000 Jun ;16(2):110-20. PMID: 10868321
Article Published Date : May 31, 2000
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia, Memory Disorders
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
[+]

Evaluation of pre-ECS antihypertensive drug administration in the attenuation of ECS-induced retrograde amnesia.Aug 31, 1997

Pubmed Data : Convuls Ther. 1997 Sep ;13(3):185-95. PMID: 9342135
Article Published Date : Aug 31, 1997
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia, Hypertension
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
[+]

Retrograde amnesia and bilateral electroconvulsive therapy. Long-term follow-up.Dec 31, 1980

Pubmed Data : Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981 Jan ;38(1):89-95. PMID: 7458573
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 1980
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia, Memory Disorders
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
[+]

Retrograde amnesia following electroconvulsive therapy for depression.Apr 03, 2025

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : BJPsych Open. 2025 Apr 4 ;11(3):e81. Epub 2025 Apr 4. PMID: 40181761
Article Published Date : Apr 03, 2025
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia, Memory Loss
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
[+]

Retrograde amnesia: temporal gradient in very long term memory following electroconvulsive therapy.Jan 09, 1975

Pubmed Data : Science. 1975 Jan 10 ;187(4171):77-9. PMID: 1109228
Article Published Date : Jan 09, 1975
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia, Memory Disorders
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
[+]

Subjective memory complaints prior to and following electroconvulsive therapy.Feb 29, 1996

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Biol Psychiatry. 1996 Mar 1 ;39(5):346-56. PMID: 8704066
Article Published Date : Feb 29, 1996
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia, Memory Disorders
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
[+]

The results of memory testing showed that ECT procedures resulted in amnesia.Dec 31, 2008

Pubmed Data : J Anesth. 2009 ;23(2):182-7. Epub 2009 May 15. PMID: 19444554
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2008
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia, Memory Disorders
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
[+]

Delayed amnesia and disorientation after electroconvulsive treatment.Oct 31, 1992

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : J Psychiatry Neurosci. 1992 Nov ;17(5):191-3. PMID: 1489760
Article Published Date : Oct 31, 1992
Study Type : Human: Case Report
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia, Memory Disorders
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
[+]

Advancing combination treatment with cilostazol and caffeine for Alzheimer's disease in high fat-high fructose-STZ induced model of amnesia.Mar 09, 2022

Pubmed Data : Eur J Pharmacol. 2022 Mar 10 ;921:174873. Epub 2022 Mar 10. PMID: 35283111
Article Published Date : Mar 09, 2022
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Caffeine
Diseases : Alzheimer's Disease, Amnesia, High Fat Diet, High Fructose Diet
Pharmacological Actions : Neuroprotective Agents
[+]

Almond administration for 28 days significantly improved memory retention in rats. Nov 04, 2015

Pubmed Data : Brain Res Bull. 2015 Nov 5 ;120:63-74. Epub 2015 Nov 5. PMID: 26548495
Article Published Date : Nov 04, 2015
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Almond
Diseases : Amnesia, Amnesia: Drug-Induced, Cognitive Decline/Dysfunction
Pharmacological Actions : Neuroprotective Agents
[+]

Ameliorating effect of lyophilized extract of Butea frondosa leaves on scopolamine-induced amnesia.Jan 31, 2013

Pubmed Data : Pharm Biol. 2013 Feb ;51(2):233-9. Epub 2012 Nov 5. PMID: 23127163
Article Published Date : Jan 31, 2013
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Palash
Diseases : Amnesia
Pharmacological Actions : Antioxidants, Malondialdehyde Down-regulation, Neuroprotective Agents
Additional Keywords : Natural Substances Versus Drugs, Plant Extracts
[+]

Ameliorative effects of rhoifolin in scopolamine-induced amnesic zebrafish.Jul 02, 2020

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Antioxidants (Basel). 2020 Jul 3 ;9(7). Epub 2020 Jul 3. PMID: 32635149
Article Published Date : Jul 02, 2020
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Flavonoids
Diseases : Amnesia, Memory Disorders
Pharmacological Actions : Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor, Antioxidants, Neuroprotective Agents
[+]

Anti-amnesia-like effect of Pinus densiflora extract.Sep 13, 2023

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Sep 14 ;24(18). Epub 2023 Sep 14. PMID: 37762386
Article Published Date : Sep 13, 2023
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Pine Bark Extract
Diseases : Amnesia, Brain Inflammation , Memory Disorders
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors, Interleukin-1 beta downregulation, Neuroprotective Agents
[+]

Beetroot supplemented diet exhibit anti-amnesic effect.Oct 14, 2020

Pubmed Data : Nutr Neurosci. 2020 Oct 15:1-15. Epub 2020 Oct 15. PMID: 33054666
Article Published Date : Oct 14, 2020
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Beet
Diseases : Amnesia
Pharmacological Actions : Antioxidants, Cholinesterase Inhibitors, Neuroprotective Agents
[+]

Comparison of acute and chronic effects of Bacopa monnieri, Ginkgo biloba, and Lavandula angustifolia and their mixture on learning and memory in mice.Jan 10, 2021

Pubmed Data : Phytother Res. 2021 Jan 11. Epub 2021 Jan 11. PMID: 33429454
Article Published Date : Jan 10, 2021
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Bacopa, Ginkgo biloba, Lavender
Diseases : Amnesia, Memory Disorders
Pharmacological Actions : Neuroprotective Agents
Additional Keywords : Natural Substance Synergy
[+]

Comparison of three different extracts of Centella asiatica for anti-amnesic, antioxidant and anticholinergic activities.Aug 31, 2018

Pubmed Data : Biomed Pharmacother. 2018 Sep ;105:1344-1352. Epub 2018 Jun 27. PMID: 30021372
Article Published Date : Aug 31, 2018
Study Type : Animal Study, In Vitro Study
Additional Links
Substances : Gotu Kola
Diseases : Amnesia
Pharmacological Actions : Antioxidants, Cholinesterase Inhibitors, Neuroprotective Agents
[+]

Cucurbita maxima seed oil may exert antiamnesic activity which may be attributed to the inhibition of AChE and inflammation.Aug 31, 2014

Pubmed Data : Z Naturforsch C. 2014 Sep-Oct;69(9-10):407-17. PMID: 25711042
Article Published Date : Aug 31, 2014
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Pumpkin Seeds
Diseases : Amnesia, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress
Pharmacological Actions : Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor, Malondialdehyde Down-regulation, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Alpha Inhibitor
Additional Keywords : Natural Substances Versus Drugs, Plant Extracts
[+]

Electroconvulsive shock and brain muscarinic receptors: relationship to anterograde amnesia.Dec 23, 1984

Pubmed Data : Life Sci. 1984 Dec 24 ;35(26):2659-64. PMID: 6513731
Article Published Date : Dec 23, 1984
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
[+]

Evodia rutaecarpa has acetylcholinesterase inhibition and antiamnesic activities which may be useful in the treatment of AlzheimersJan 01, 2010

Pubmed Data : BMC Cancer. 2010;10:238. Epub 2010 May 26. PMID: 8923803
Article Published Date : Jan 01, 2010
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Evodia ruteacarpa
Diseases : Alzheimer's Disease, Amnesia
Pharmacological Actions : Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor
[+]

Extracts of holy basil could become effective anti-amnesic treatments. Dec 03, 2016

Pubmed Data : J Ethnopharmacol. 2016 Dec 4 ;193:490-499. Epub 2016 Oct 8. PMID: 27725240
Article Published Date : Dec 03, 2016
Study Type : Animal Study, In Vitro Study
Additional Links
Substances : Holy Basil
Diseases : Amnesia, Amnesia: Drug-Induced
Pharmacological Actions : Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor, Neuroprotective Agents
Additional Keywords : Plant Extracts
[+]

Glucocorticoid mechanisms may contribute to ECT-induced retrograde amnesia.Dec 31, 2006

Pubmed Data : Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2007 Jan ;190(1):73-80. Epub 2006 Oct 27. PMID: 17072590
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2006
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
[+]

Hesperetin-loaded polymeric nanofibers: assessment of bioavailability and neuroprotective effect.Jan 31, 2023

Pubmed Data : Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2023 Feb ;49(2):240-247. Epub 2023 Apr 19. PMID: 37032647
Article Published Date : Jan 31, 2023
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Flavonoids
Diseases : Amnesia
Pharmacological Actions : Neuroprotective Agents
[+]

Influence of clitoria ternatea extracts on memory and central cholinergic activity in rats.Dec 31, 1999

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Pharm Biol. 2000 ;38(1):51-6. PMID: 21214440
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 1999
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Butterfly Pea
Diseases : Amnesia, Memory Disorders
Pharmacological Actions : Cholinergic Agents
[+]

Long-term supplementation of Syzygium cumini concentrate alleviates age-related cognitive deficit and oxidative damage.Jan 27, 2023

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Nutrients. 2023 Jan 28 ;15(3). Epub 2023 Jan 28. PMID: 36771374
Article Published Date : Jan 27, 2023
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Jambul
Diseases : Amnesia, Oxidative Stress
Pharmacological Actions : Antioxidants, Neuroprotective Agents
Additional Keywords : Plant Extracts
[+]

The ayurvedic formulation chyawanprash has anti-amnesic activity in mice. Jan 01, 2011

Pubmed Data : Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011 ;2011:898593. Epub 2011 Jun 5. PMID: 21789046
Article Published Date : Jan 01, 2011
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Ayurvedic Formulation: Chyawanprash
Diseases : Alzheimer's Disease, Amnesia, Memory Loss
Pharmacological Actions : Antioxidants, Cholinergic Agents
[+]

Therapeutic potential of blackberry extract in the preventing memory deficits and neurochemical alterations in the cerebral cortex.Mar 31, 2023

Pubmed Data : Metab Brain Dis. 2023 Apr ;38(4):1261-1272. Epub 2023 Feb 3. PMID: 36735154
Article Published Date : Mar 31, 2023
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Blackberry
Diseases : Amnesia, Memory Disorders, Oxidative Stress
Pharmacological Actions : Antioxidants, Neuroprotective Agents
[+]

These findings suggest that M. oleifera seed extract could be a potent neuropharmacological treatment against amnesia.Dec 31, 2017

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Front Pharmacol. 2018 ;9:389. Epub 2018 Apr 24. PMID: 29740317
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2017
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Moringa oleifera
Diseases : Amnesia
Pharmacological Actions : Neurogenesis, Neuroprotective Agents
[+]

These findings suggest that Matricaria chamomilla extract could be a potent neuropharmacological agent against amnesia.Jul 31, 2018

Pubmed Data : Phytomedicine. 2018 Aug 1 ;47:113-120. Epub 2018 May 7. PMID: 30166095
Article Published Date : Jul 31, 2018
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Chamomile
Diseases : Amnesia, Brain: Oxidative Stress, Brain Inflammation , Memory Disorders
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antioxidants, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor modulator, Interleukin-1 beta downregulation, Malondialdehyde Down-regulation, Neuroprotective Agents, Superoxide Dismutase Up-regulation
Additional Keywords : Plant Extracts
[+]

This study provides the evidence for the mechanism underlying role of the Bacopa monnieri extract (CDRI-08) in restoring spatial memory in amnesic miceDec 31, 2014

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015 ;2015:254303. Epub 2015 Aug 27. PMID: 26413117
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2014
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Bacopa
Diseases : Amnesia, Memory Loss
Pharmacological Actions : Neuroprotective Agents
Additional Keywords : Gene Expression Regulation, Plant Extracts
[+]

Turmeric can be an effective candidate for treatment of amnesia caused by the stress.Jan 14, 2017

Pubmed Data : Curr Drug Targets. 2017 03 15. Epub 2017 Mar 15. PMID: 28302036
Article Published Date : Jan 14, 2017
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Turmeric
Diseases : Amnesia, Memory Disorders
[+]

Wheatgrass extract imparts neuroprotective actions against scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice.Aug 14, 2022

Pubmed Data : Food Funct. 2022 Aug 15 ;13(16):8474-8488. Epub 2022 Aug 15. PMID: 35861716
Article Published Date : Aug 14, 2022
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Wheat Grass
Diseases : Amnesia, Memory Disorders
Pharmacological Actions : Neuroprotective Agents
Additional Keywords : Plant Extracts
[+]

Zinc exhibits anti-amnesiac activity in mice. Jun 03, 2008

Pubmed Data : Behav Brain Res. 2008 Jun 3;189(2):381-6. Epub 2008 Feb 5. PMID: 18336929
Article Published Date : Jun 03, 2008
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Melatonin
Diseases : Amnesia
Pharmacological Actions : Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor
[+]

Amnesia as a major side effect of electroconvulsive shock: the possible involvement of hypothalamic opioid systems.Dec 31, 1983

Pubmed Data : Braz J Med Biol Res. 1984 ;17(3-4):349-51. PMID: 6529615
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 1983
Study Type : Review
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia, Memory Disorders
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
[+]

Benjamin Franklin and shock-induced amnesia.Mar 31, 2006

Pubmed Data : Am Psychol. 2006 Apr ;61(3):240-8. PMID: 16594840
Article Published Date : Mar 31, 2006
Study Type : Commentary
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia, Memory Disorders
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
[+]

ECT and non-memory cognition: a review.Oct 31, 1995

Pubmed Data : Br J Clin Psychol. 1995 Nov ;34(4):505-15. PMID: 8563658
Article Published Date : Oct 31, 1995
Study Type : Review
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia, Memory Disorders
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
[+]

ECT can cause retrograde amnesia, but its nature, incidence, and duration remain unclear, making it difficult to detect, understand, prevent, and treat it effectively.Aug 31, 2014

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : J ECT. 2014 Sep ;30(3):177-86. PMID: 24755727
Article Published Date : Aug 31, 2014
Study Type : Commentary
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
[+]

Electroconvulsive therapy can cause delayed memory function impairments in patients with major depressive disorder.Dec 31, 2015

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : PLoS One. 2016 ;11(10):e0165392. Epub 2016 Oct 21. PMID: 27768745
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2015
Study Type : Review
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
[+]

Electroconvulsive therapy, hypertensive surge, blood-brain barrier breach, and amnesia.May 31, 2014

Pubmed Data : J ECT. 2014 Jun ;30(2):160-4. PMID: 24800688
Article Published Date : May 31, 2014
Study Type : Review
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia, Hypertension, Memory Disorders
Additional Keywords : Blood Brain Barrier
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
[+]

Electroconvulsive therapy-induced persistent retrograde amnesia.Sep 30, 2010

Pubmed Data : J Affect Disord. 2010 Oct ;126(1-2):39-45. Epub 2010 Jan 8. PMID: 20060172
Article Published Date : Sep 30, 2010
Study Type : Review
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
[+]

Factual and autobiographical memory problems following ect-induced retrograde amnesia seems to have a more permanent character.Dec 31, 2016

Pubmed Data : Tijdschr Psychiatr. 2017 ;59(10):632-637. PMID: 29077139
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2016
Study Type : Commentary
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia, Memory Disorders
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
[+]

Measuring retrograde autobiographical amnesia following electroconvulsive therapy.May 31, 2013

Pubmed Data : J ECT. 2013 Jun ;29(2):127-33. PMID: 23303426
Article Published Date : May 31, 2013
Study Type : Review
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia, Memory Disorders
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
[+]

Neurobiological correlates of the cognitive side effects of electroconvulsive therapy.Feb 29, 2008

Pubmed Data : J ECT. 2008 Mar ;24(1):40-5. PMID: 18379334
Article Published Date : Feb 29, 2008
Study Type : Review
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia, Memory Disorders
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
[+]

Possible glutamatergic and lipid signalling mechanisms in ECT-induced retrograde amnesia.Jul 31, 2008

Pubmed Data : J Psychiatr Res. 2008 Aug ;42(10):837-50. Epub 2007 Oct 15. PMID: 17937934
Article Published Date : Jul 31, 2008
Study Type : Review
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia, Lipid Peroxidation, Memory Disorders
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
[+]

Recovery from anterograde amnesia is quite gradual and that the effects of the first few ECT treatments on memory are cumulative.Oct 31, 1974

Pubmed Data : Br J Psychiatry. 1974 Nov ;125:490-5. PMID: 4477729
Article Published Date : Oct 31, 1974
Study Type : Review
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia, Memory Disorders
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
[+]

The effect of electroconvulsive therapy on autobiographical memory.Feb 29, 2008

Pubmed Data : J ECT. 2008 Mar ;24(1):10-7. PMID: 18379329
Article Published Date : Feb 29, 2008
Study Type : Review
Additional Links
Diseases : Amnesia, Memory Disorders
Anti Therapeutic Actions : Electroconvulsive Therapy
Adverse Pharmacological Actions : Neurotoxic

Copyright: lightwise / 123RF Stock Photo

Amnesia Related Articles

FDA Adds Black Boxed Warning to Insomnia Drugs
Written by Dr. Michael Murray
In an "it's about time" move, the US FDA has mandated that drug companies put what is referred to as a “black boxed” warning on certain prescription sleeping pills

Print Options

Some features are currently member only features. If you are already a member, please login. Otherwise, click here to become a member.
  • Printer-friendly version

Connect with GreenMedInfo

This website is for information purposes only. By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing, treating, curing, mitigating, or preventing any type of disease or medical condition. Before beginning any type of natural, integrative or conventional treatment regimen, it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional.

© Copyright 2008-2026 GreenMedInfo.com, Journal Articles copyright of original owners, MeSH copyright NLM.