Diabetic Ulcer

Views 1144
Jump to
Abstracts Focused Research Topics
Download the GMI DOC on this Topic

Focus Your Research

Click any topic below to filter + focus research
26 Substances Researched for Diabetic Ulcer
NameACCKFocus
Aloe Vera432Locked
Kiwifruit220Locked
Ageratina212Locked
Honey312Locked
Arginine110Locked
Guduchi 110Locked
Magnesium110Locked
Mimosa tenuiflora110Locked
Nigella sativa (aka Black Seed)110Locked
Oxygen Therapies110Locked
Plantago major110Locked
Vitamin D110Locked
Hesperidin24Locked
Rehmannia23Locked
Catechin 12Locked
Frankincense12Locked
Ginsenosides12Locked
Lotus 12Locked
Papaya12Locked
Pine Bark Extract12Locked
Pycnogenol (Pine Bark)12Locked
Safflower12Locked
Sea buckthorn12Locked
Spinach12Locked
Turmeric12Locked
Astragalus11Locked
11 Therapeutic Actions Researched for Diabetic Ulcer
NameACCKFocus
Hyperbaric Treatment763Locked
Laser Treatment: Low-Level220Locked
Maggot therapy220Locked
Ozone Therapy 211Locked
Balneotherapy110Locked
Massage/Therapeutic Touch110Locked
Mud Therapy: Volcanic110Locked
Mud therapy 110Locked
Ultrasound therapy110Locked
Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Therapy11Locked
Photodynamic therapy11Locked

View the Evidence:
48 Abstracts with Diabetic Ulcer Research

[+]

A combination of hyper-oxygenated fatty acids, Aloe barbadensis (syn. A. vera) and Mimosa tenuiflora has therapetuic benefits in the treatment of vascular ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers. Oct 01, 2006

Pubmed Data : Rev Enferm. 2006 Oct;29(10):25-30. PMID: 17144630
Article Published Date : Oct 01, 2006
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Aloe Vera, Mimosa tenuiflora, Oxygen Therapies
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer
Additional Keywords : Plant Extracts
[+]

A pilot study indicated that applying kiwifruit on neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers led to a significant reduction in the size of the foot ulcers and faster wound healing.May 31, 2014

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : J Res Med Sci. 2014 Jun ;19(6):520-4. PMID: 25197293
Article Published Date : May 31, 2014
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Kiwifruit
Diseases : Diabetic Complications, Diabetic Ulcer, Wound Healing: Delayed
Pharmacological Actions : Wound Healing Effects
[+]

A. pichinchensis extract showed the ability to improve the healing process in patients with diabetic foot ulcer.Feb 28, 2015

Pubmed Data : Planta Med. 2015 Mar ;81(4):272-8. Epub 2015 Feb 25. PMID: 25714724
Article Published Date : Feb 28, 2015
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Ageratina
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer, Wound Healing
Pharmacological Actions : Antifungal Agents
Additional Keywords : Phytotherapy, Plant Extracts
[+]

Adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen therapy appears to improve wound healing in ischaemic diabetic foot ulcers.Dec 31, 2017

Pubmed Data : Open Cardiovasc Med J. 2018 ;12:80-85. Epub 2018 Aug 31. PMID: 30258500
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2017
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer
Therapeutic Actions : Hyperbaric Treatment
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Ulcer Agents
[+]

Adjunctive Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can be valuable for treating selected cases of hypoxic diabetic foot ulcers.Mar 01, 2002

Pubmed Data : J Diabetes Complications. 2002 Mar-Apr;16(2):153-8. PMID: 12039398
Article Published Date : Mar 01, 2002
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer
Therapeutic Actions : Hyperbaric Treatment
[+]

Adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen therapy improved wound healing in persons with diabetic foot ulcers.Sep 28, 2017

Pubmed Data : J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2017 Sep 29. Epub 2017 Sep 29. PMID: 28968346
Article Published Date : Sep 28, 2017
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer
Therapeutic Actions : Hyperbaric Treatment
Additional Keywords : Risk Reduction
[+]

Compressed air massage improves healing of the diabetic foot. Feb 01, 2008

Pubmed Data : Diabetes Technol Ther. 2008 Feb;10(1):39-45. PMID: 18275361
Article Published Date : Feb 01, 2008
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer, Wound Healing
Therapeutic Actions : Massage/Therapeutic Touch
[+]

Efficacy of comprehensive ozone therapy in diabetic foot ulcer healing.Jan 31, 2019

Pubmed Data : Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019 Jan - Feb;13(1):822-825. Epub 2018 Dec 1. PMID: 30641815
Article Published Date : Jan 31, 2019
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer, Wound Healing
Therapeutic Actions : Ozone Therapy
[+]

Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) is an effective adjuvant therapy to surgical treatment of diabetic foot ulcer. Oct 01, 2010

Pubmed Data : Urology. 2010 Oct;76(4):841-5. PMID: 17558098
Article Published Date : Oct 01, 2010
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Guduchi
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer
Pharmacological Actions : Immunomodulatory
[+]

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy has a therapeutic role in the treatment of lower-extremeity diabetic ulcers. May 01, 2007

Pubmed Data : Wound Repair Regen. 2007 May-Jun;15(3):322-31. PMID: 17537119
Article Published Date : May 01, 2007
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer
Therapeutic Actions : Hyperbaric Treatment
[+]

Hyperbaric oxygenation accelerates the healing rate of nonischemic chronic diabetic foot ulcers. Aug 01, 2003

Pubmed Data : Diabetes Care. 2003 Aug;26(8):2378-82. PMID: 12882865
Article Published Date : Aug 01, 2003
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer
Therapeutic Actions : Hyperbaric Treatment
[+]

It is recommended that clinicians and wound care nurses use aloe vera gel instead of Nigella sativa oil gel for the topical treatment of diabetic ulcers.Dec 31, 2017

Pubmed Data : J Evid Based Integr Med. 2018 Jan-Dec;23:2515690X18772804. PMID: 29717629
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2017
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Aloe Vera, Nigella sativa (aka Black Seed)
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer, Wound Healing
[+]

L-Arginine supplementation enhances diabetic wound healing. Oct 01, 2002

Pubmed Data : Metabolism. 2002 Oct;51(10):1269-73. PMID: 12370845
Article Published Date : Oct 01, 2002
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Arginine
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer, Wound Healing
Pharmacological Actions : Nitric Oxide Enhancer
[+]

Low-level light therapy was recognized as a potential method in the comprehensive treatment of diabetic foot ulcer.Jul 22, 2018

Pubmed Data : Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018 Jul 23 ;143:215-224. Epub 2018 Jul 23. PMID: 30009935
Article Published Date : Jul 22, 2018
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer
Therapeutic Actions : Laser Treatment: Low-Level
[+]

Maggot debridement therapy wis a rapid, simple and efficient method of treating diabetic foot ulcers.Oct 01, 2007

Pubmed Data : J Wound Care. 2007 Oct;16(9):379-83. PMID: 17987750
Article Published Date : Oct 01, 2007
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer
Therapeutic Actions : Maggot therapy
[+]

Maggot therapy is effective for infected diabetic foot ulcers refractory to conventional therapy. Feb 01, 2003

Pubmed Data : Diabetes Care. 2003 Feb;26(2):446-51. PMID: 12547878
Article Published Date : Feb 01, 2003
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer
Therapeutic Actions : Maggot therapy
Additional Keywords : Therapeutic Action Superior to Drug Therapy
[+]

Magnesium supplementation for 12 weeks among subjects with diabetic foot ulcer had beneficial effects.Jan 31, 2018

Pubmed Data : Biol Trace Elem Res. 2018 Feb ;181(2):207-215. Epub 2017 May 24. PMID: 28540570
Article Published Date : Jan 31, 2018
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Magnesium
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer, Wound Healing
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antioxidants
[+]

Photobiomodulation therapy can be effectively used as a treatment mode for neuroischaemic diabetic foot ulcers in patients with type 2 diabetes.Dec 01, 2018

Pubmed Data : J Wound Care. 2018 Dec 2 ;27(12):837-842. PMID: 30557112
Article Published Date : Dec 01, 2018
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2, Diabetic Ulcer
Therapeutic Actions : Laser Treatment: Low-Level
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Ulcer Agents
[+]

Short-duration hyperbaric oxygen therapy can improve HbA1c levels, leukocyte count, and serum creatinine levels in patients with diabetic foot ulcer.Dec 31, 2017

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : ScientificWorldJournal. 2018 ;2018:6425857. Epub 2018 Aug 12. PMID: 30158840
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2017
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer
Therapeutic Actions : Hyperbaric Treatment
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Ulcer Agents
[+]

The effect of kiwifruit therapeutics in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcer.Feb 01, 2021

Pubmed Data : Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2021 Feb 2:1534734619851700. Epub 2021 Feb 2. PMID: 33527863
Article Published Date : Feb 01, 2021
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Kiwifruit
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Ulcer Agents
[+]

The use of honey significantly reduced rate of amputation and improved wound healing when used for a wound dressing in chronic diabetic foot ulcers.Jun 30, 2014

Pubmed Data : J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2014 Jul-Sep;26(3):304-6. PMID: 25671933
Article Published Date : Jun 30, 2014
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Honey
Diseases : Diabetic Complications, Diabetic Ulcer, Wound Healing
[+]

Topical Plantavera gel seems to be an effective, cheap and safe treatment of diabetic foot ulcer.Jan 13, 2018

Pubmed Data : Curr Drug Discov Technol. 2018 01 14. Epub 2018 Jan 14. PMID: 29336265
Article Published Date : Jan 13, 2018
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Aloe Vera, Plantago major
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Ulcer Agents
[+]

Ultrasound therapy has value in treating recalcitrant diabetic foot ulcers. Aug 01, 2005

Pubmed Data : Ostomy Wound Manage. 2005 Aug;51(8):24-39. PMID: 16234574
Article Published Date : Aug 01, 2005
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer
Therapeutic Actions : Ultrasound therapy
[+]

vitamin D supplementation had beneficial effects on improved glycemic control in patients with diabetic foot ulcer.Jun 22, 2016

Pubmed Data : J Diabetes Complications. 2016 Jun 23. Epub 2016 Jun 23. PMID: 27363929
Article Published Date : Jun 22, 2016
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Substances : Vitamin D
Diseases : C-Reactive Protein, Diabetic Ulcer, Wound Healing: Delayed
Pharmacological Actions : Anticholesteremic Agents, Malondialdehyde Down-regulation
[+]

Volanic mud and balneotherapy treatment is effective in patients with diabetic gangrene of the lower extremities. Nov 01, 2009

Pubmed Data : Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult. 2009 Nov-Dec(6):42-3. PMID: 20050166
Article Published Date : Nov 01, 2009
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer, Gangrene
Therapeutic Actions : Balneotherapy, Mud therapy , Mud Therapy: Volcanic
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Bacterial Agents
[+]

A diabetic foot ulcer was treated with hydrogel and hyperbaric oxygen therapy.Nov 01, 2017

Pubmed Data : J Wound Care. 2017 Nov 2 ;26(11):692-695. PMID: 29131751
Article Published Date : Nov 01, 2017
Study Type : Human: Case Report
Additional Links
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer
Therapeutic Actions : Hyperbaric Treatment
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Ulcer Agents
[+]

A polyherbal formula containing Sea buckthorn (H. rhamnoides), Aloe and Turmeric (C. longa) possesses significant wound healing potential in both normal as well as chronic diabetic wounds. Nov 01, 2008

Pubmed Data : Wound Repair Regen. 2008 Nov-Dec;16(6):784-90. PMID: 19128249
Article Published Date : Nov 01, 2008
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Aloe Vera, Sea buckthorn, Turmeric
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer, Wound Healing
Additional Keywords : Plant Extracts
[+]

Ageratina pichinchensis consistently improve wound healing induced on the skin of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes.Oct 27, 2014

Pubmed Data : J Ethnopharmacol. 2014 Oct 28 ;156:222-7. Epub 2014 Sep 16. PMID: 25218321
Article Published Date : Oct 27, 2014
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Ageratina
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer, Wound Healing
Additional Keywords : Phytotherapy, Plant Extracts
[+]

Baicalin is a potential therapeutic candidate for a diabetic foot ulcer and chronic wounds treatment.Aug 18, 2021

Pubmed Data : J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2021 Aug 19:e22893. Epub 2021 Aug 19. PMID: 34414639
Article Published Date : Aug 18, 2021
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Flavonoids
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Ulcer Agents
[+]

EGCG topical application improves ulcer healing time in type 2 diabetic mice. Sep 01, 2008

Pubmed Data : Wound Repair Regen. 2008 Sep-Oct;16(5):714-20. PMID: 19128267
Article Published Date : Sep 01, 2008
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Catechin
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer, Wound Healing
Additional Keywords : Reepithelialization
[+]

Ginsenoside Rg-1 promoted the wound closure of diabetic foot ulcer.May 30, 2019

Pubmed Data : Life Sci. 2019 May 31. Epub 2019 May 31. PMID: 31158376
Article Published Date : May 30, 2019
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Ginsenosides
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Ulcer Agents, MicroRNA modulator
[+]

Hesperidin could be used to enhance wound healing in chronic diabetic foot ulcers.Dec 31, 2017

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : EXCLI J. 2018 ;17:399-419. Epub 2018 May 4. PMID: 29805347
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2017
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Hesperidin
Diseases : Diabetic Complications, Diabetic Ulcer, Wound Healing
Pharmacological Actions : Angiogenesis Inducing Agents, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C Inhibitor
[+]

Hesperidin protects against stress induced gastric ulcer.Jun 22, 2018

Pubmed Data : Chem Biol Interact. 2018 Jun 23 ;291:153-161. Epub 2018 Jun 23. PMID: 29944876
Article Published Date : Jun 22, 2018
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Hesperidin
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer, Gastric Ulcer
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Anti-Ulcer Agents, Antioxidants, Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors, Nrf2 activation
Additional Keywords : Natural Substances Versus Drugs
[+]

Neferine significantly promotes a fast and efficient wound healing.Nov 30, 2020

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2020 Dec ;48(1):96-106. PMID: 31852261
Article Published Date : Nov 30, 2020
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Lotus
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer, Wound Healing
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Anti-Ulcer Agents
[+]

Papaya promotes significant wound healing in diabetic rats.Aug 01, 2007

Pubmed Data : Indian J Exp Biol. 2007 Aug;45(8):739-43. PMID: 17877152
Article Published Date : Aug 01, 2007
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Papaya
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer, Wound Healing
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Bacterial Agents
Additional Keywords : Plant Extracts
[+]

Pine bark improves healing time of Diabetic ulcers.Jul 01, 2006

Pubmed Data : Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2006 Jul;12(3):318-23. PMID: 16959685
Article Published Date : Jul 01, 2006
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Pine Bark Extract, Pycnogenol (Pine Bark)
Diseases : Diabetic Amyotrophy, Diabetic Ulcer
[+]

Rehmannia is effective in promoting diabetic foot ulcer healing in rats through the processes of tissue regeneration, angiogenesis and inflammation control. May 04, 2009

Pubmed Data : J Ethnopharmacol. 2009 May 4;123(1):155-62. Epub 2009 Feb 14. PMID: 19429355
Article Published Date : May 04, 2009
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Rehmannia
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer, Wound Healing: Delayed
Additional Keywords : Regenerative Substances
[+]

Sesamol-loaded PLGA nanosuspension for accelerating wound healing in diabetic foot ulcer in rats.Dec 31, 2019

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Int J Nanomedicine. 2020 ;15:9265-9282. Epub 2020 Nov 23. PMID: 33262587
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2019
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Sesamol
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer, Wound Healing
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Alpha Inhibitor
[+]

Spinacia oleracea aqueous extract can be effective in regenerating diabetic ulcers.Apr 30, 2016

Pubmed Data : J Sci Food Agric. 2016 May ;96(7):2337-43. Epub 2015 Sep 8. PMID: 26201288
Article Published Date : Apr 30, 2016
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Spinach
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer, Wound Healing
[+]

Topical application of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A accelerates the wound healing in streptozotocin induced T1DM.Mar 14, 2018

Pubmed Data : Eur J Pharmacol. 2018 Mar 15 ;823:72-78. Epub 2018 Feb 4. PMID: 29408092
Article Published Date : Mar 14, 2018
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Safflower
Diseases : Diabetes Mellitus: Type 1, Diabetic Ulcer, Wound Healing
Pharmacological Actions : Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) inhibitor, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibitors
[+]

Wound healing potential of the standardized extract of Boswellia serrata on experimental diabetic foot ulcer.Mar 24, 2019

Pubmed Data : Planta Med. 2019 Mar 25. Epub 2019 Mar 25. PMID: 30909313
Article Published Date : Mar 24, 2019
Study Type : Animal Study
Additional Links
Substances : Frankincense
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer, Wound Healing
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Inflammatory Agents
[+]

A review of ozone therapy for diabetic foot ulcers.Jun 30, 2018

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Med Gas Res. 2018 Jul-Sep;8(3):111-115. Epub 2018 Sep 25. PMID: 30319766
Article Published Date : Jun 30, 2018
Study Type : Review
Additional Links
Diseases : Diabetic Complications, Diabetic Ulcer
Therapeutic Actions : Ozone Therapy
[+]

All reviewed studies have shown a positive improvement of diabetic foot ulcers using low-level light therapy.Jun 30, 2016

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : J Drugs Dermatol. 2016 Jul 1 ;15(7):843-8. PMID: 27391634
Article Published Date : Jun 30, 2016
Study Type : Review
Additional Links
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer
Therapeutic Actions : Photodynamic therapy
[+]

Astragalus and Rehmannia have therapeutic value in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Jun 01, 2009

Pubmed Data : Phytother Res. 2009 Jun;23(6):809-15. PMID: 19148881
Article Published Date : Jun 01, 2009
Study Type : Commentary
Additional Links
Substances : Astragalus, Rehmannia
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer
[+]

Honey ointiment is safe and effective in diabetic foot ulcer. Mar 01, 2008

Pubmed Data : J Wound Care. 2008 Mar;17(3):108-10. PMID: 18376651
Article Published Date : Mar 01, 2008
Study Type : In Vitro Study
Additional Links
Substances : Honey
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer
[+]

Low-level light therapy has significant potential to become a cost effective modality for treatment of diabetic foot ulcer.Jan 06, 2016

Pubmed Data : Wound Repair Regen. 2016 Jan 7. Epub 2016 Jan 7. PMID: 26748691
Article Published Date : Jan 06, 2016
Study Type : Review
Additional Links
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer
Therapeutic Actions : Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Therapy
[+]

This review showed that honey dressing is safer for treatment of diabetic foot ulcer.Jul 31, 2016

Pubmed Data : Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016 Aug ;24:130-3. Epub 2016 Jun 15. PMID: 27502813
Article Published Date : Jul 31, 2016
Study Type : Review
Additional Links
Substances : Honey
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer, Wound Healing
[+]

Honey may be a safe and cost effective treatment for diabetic foot ulcers.Jul 01, 2008

Pubmed Data : WMJ. 2008 Jul;107(4):187-90. PMID: 18702435
Article Published Date : Jul 01, 2008
Additional Links
Diseases : Diabetic Ulcer

Copyright: kzenon / 123RF Stock Photo

Print Options

Some features are currently member only features. If you are already a member, please login. Otherwise, click here to become a member.
  • Printer-friendly version

Connect with GreenMedInfo

This website is for information purposes only. By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing, treating, curing, mitigating, or preventing any type of disease or medical condition. Before beginning any type of natural, integrative or conventional treatment regimen, it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional.

© Copyright 2008-2022 GreenMedInfo.com, Journal Articles copyright of original owners, MeSH copyright NLM.