Chlorine https://greenmedinfo.com/category/keywords/Chlorine en Residues of metformin may lead to the formation of disinfection by-products during chlorine disinfection. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/residues-metformin-may-lead-formation-disinfection-products-during-chlorine-di n/a PMID:  Water Res. 2015 Aug 1 ;79:104-18. Epub 2015 Apr 27. PMID: 25973582 Abstract Title:  Emerging nitrogenous disinfection byproducts: Transformation of the antidiabetic drug metformin during chlorine disinfection of water. Abstract:  As an environmental contaminant of anthropogenic origin metformin is present in the high ng/L- up to the lowμg/L-range in most surface waters. Residues of metformin may lead to the formation of disinfection by-products during chlorine disinfection, when these waters are used for drinking water production. Investigations on the underlying chemical processes occurring during treatment of metformin with sodium hypochlorite in aqueous medium led to the discovery of two hitherto unknown transformation products. Both substances were isolated and characterized by HPLC-DAD, GC-MS, HPLC-ESI-TOF, (1)H-NMR and single-crystal X-ray structure determination. The immediate major chlorination product is a cyclic dehydro-1,2,4-triazole-derivate of intense yellow color (Y; C4H6ClN5). It is a solid chlorimine of limited stability. Rapid formation was observed between 10 °C and 30 °C, as well as between pH 3 and pH 11, in both ultrapure and tap water, even at trace quantities of reactants (ng/L-range for metformin, mg/L-range for free chlorine). While Y is degraded within a few hours to days in the presence of light, elevated temperature, organic solvents and matrix constituents within tap water, a secondary degradation product was discovered, which is stable and colorless (C; C4H6ClN3). This chloroorganic nitrile has a low photolysis rate in ambient day light, while being resistant to heat and not readily degraded in the presence of organic solvents or in the tap water matrix. In addition, the formation of ammonia, dimethylamine and N,N-dimethylguanidine was verified by cation exchange chromatography. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/residues-metformin-may-lead-formation-disinfection-products-during-chlorine-di#comments Chlorinated Water Chlorine Disinfection by-products: In Drinking Water Hypoglycemic Agents Metformin Chlorinated Water Chlorine Disinfection by-products: In Drinking Water Environmental Fate of Pharmacueticals Hypoglycemic Agents Metformin In Vitro Study Wed, 04 Jan 2017 18:58:11 +0000 greenmedinfo 141412 at https://greenmedinfo.com The high reactivity of bisphenol A with disinfectant chlorine is evident in the instantaneous formation of chlorinated BPA derivatives. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/high-reactivity-bisphenol-disinfectant-chlorine-evident-instantaneous-formatio n/a PMID:  Environ Int. 2015 Dec ;85:352-79. Epub 2015 Oct 30. PMID: 26521216 Abstract Title:  Biomonitoring of human exposures to chlorinated derivatives and structural analogs of bisphenol A. Abstract:  The high reactivity of bisphenol A (BPA) with disinfectant chlorine is evident in the instantaneous formation of chlorinated BPA derivatives (ClxBPA) in various environmental media that show increased estrogen-activity when compared with that of BPA. The documented health risks associated with BPA exposures have led to the gradual market entry of BPA structural analogs, such as bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol B (BPB), etc. A suite of exposure sources to ClxBPA and BPA analogs in the domestic environment is anticipated to drive the nature and range of halogenated BPA derivatives that can form when residual BPA comes in contact with disinfectant in tap water and/or consumer products. The primary objective of this review was to survey all available studies reporting biomonitoring protocols of ClxBPA and structural BPA analogs (BPS, BPF, BPB, etc.) in human matrices. Focus was paid on describing the analytical methodologies practiced for the analysis of ClxBPA and BPA analogs using hyphenated chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques, because current methodologies for human matrices are complex. During the last decade, an increasing number of ecotoxicological, cell-culture and animal-based and human studies dealing with ClxBPA exposure sources and routes of exposure, metabolism and toxicity have been published. Up to date findings indicated the association of ClxBPA with metabolic conditions, such as obesity, lipid accumulation, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly in in-vitro and in-vivo studies. We critically discuss the limitations, research needs and future opportunities linked with the inclusion of ClxBPA and BPA analogs into exposure assessment protocols of relevant epidemiological studies. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/high-reactivity-bisphenol-disinfectant-chlorine-evident-instantaneous-formatio#comments Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 Hyperlipidemia Obesity Bisphenol A Chlorine Disinfection by-products: In Drinking Water Bisphenol A Chlorine Diabetes mellitus: Type 2 Disinfection by-products: In Drinking Water hyperlipidemia obesity Risk Factors Review Wed, 04 Jan 2017 18:25:59 +0000 greenmedinfo 141408 at https://greenmedinfo.com These results suggest that certain oxidative chemicals, such as disinfectants, accelerate antibiotic resistance gene transfer. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/these-results-suggest-certain-oxidative-chemicals-such-disinfectants-accelerat n/a PMID:  Environ Sci Technol. 2016 Dec 20. Epub 2016 Dec 20. PMID: 27997135 Abstract Title:  Subinhibitory Concentrations of Disinfectants Promote the Horizontal Transfer of Multidrug Resistance Genes within and across Genera. Abstract:  The greater abundances of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in point-of-use tap and reclaimed water than that in freshly treated water raise the question whether residual disinfectants in distribution systems facilitate the spread of ARGs. This study investigated three widely used disinfectants (free chlorine, chloramine, and hydrogen peroxide) on promoting ARGs transfer within Escherichia coli strains and across genera from Escherichia coli to Salmonella typhimurium. The results demonstrated that subinhibitory concentrations (lower than minimum inhibitory concentrations [MICs]) of these disinfectants, namely 0.1-1 mg/L Cl2 for free chlorine, 0.1-1 mg/L Cl2 for chloramine, and 0.24-3 mg/L H2O2, led to concentration-dependent increases in intragenera conjugative transfer by 3.4-6.4, 1.9-7.5, and 1.4-5.4 folds compared with controls, respectively. By comparison, the intergenera conjugative frequencies were slightly increased by approximately 1.4-2.3 folds compared with controls. However, exposure to disinfectants concentrations higher than MICs significantly suppressed conjugative transfer. This study provided evidence and insights into possible underlying mechanisms for enhanced conjugative transfer, which involved intracellular reactive oxygen species formation, SOS response, increased cell membrane permeability, and altered expressions of conjugation-relevant genes. The results suggest that certain oxidative chemicals, such as disinfectants, accelerate ARGs transfer and therefore justify motivations in evaluating disinfection alternatives for controlling antibiotic resistance. This study also triggers questions regarding the potential role of environmental chemicals in the global spread of antibiotic resistance. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/these-results-suggest-certain-oxidative-chemicals-such-disinfectants-accelerat#comments Infection: Antibiotic Resistant Chlorine Disinfection by-products: In Drinking Water Chlorine Disinfection by-products: In Drinking Water Infection: Antibiotic Resistant In Vitro Study Mon, 02 Jan 2017 18:19:37 +0000 greenmedinfo 141289 at https://greenmedinfo.com