Chlorinated Water https://greenmedinfo.com/category/keywords/Chlorinated%20Water en Residues of metformin may lead to the formation of disinfection by-products during chlorine disinfection. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/residues-metformin-may-lead-formation-disinfection-products-during-chlorine-di n/a PMID:  Water Res. 2015 Aug 1 ;79:104-18. Epub 2015 Apr 27. PMID: 25973582 Abstract Title:  Emerging nitrogenous disinfection byproducts: Transformation of the antidiabetic drug metformin during chlorine disinfection of water. Abstract:  As an environmental contaminant of anthropogenic origin metformin is present in the high ng/L- up to the lowμg/L-range in most surface waters. Residues of metformin may lead to the formation of disinfection by-products during chlorine disinfection, when these waters are used for drinking water production. Investigations on the underlying chemical processes occurring during treatment of metformin with sodium hypochlorite in aqueous medium led to the discovery of two hitherto unknown transformation products. Both substances were isolated and characterized by HPLC-DAD, GC-MS, HPLC-ESI-TOF, (1)H-NMR and single-crystal X-ray structure determination. The immediate major chlorination product is a cyclic dehydro-1,2,4-triazole-derivate of intense yellow color (Y; C4H6ClN5). It is a solid chlorimine of limited stability. Rapid formation was observed between 10 °C and 30 °C, as well as between pH 3 and pH 11, in both ultrapure and tap water, even at trace quantities of reactants (ng/L-range for metformin, mg/L-range for free chlorine). While Y is degraded within a few hours to days in the presence of light, elevated temperature, organic solvents and matrix constituents within tap water, a secondary degradation product was discovered, which is stable and colorless (C; C4H6ClN3). This chloroorganic nitrile has a low photolysis rate in ambient day light, while being resistant to heat and not readily degraded in the presence of organic solvents or in the tap water matrix. In addition, the formation of ammonia, dimethylamine and N,N-dimethylguanidine was verified by cation exchange chromatography. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/residues-metformin-may-lead-formation-disinfection-products-during-chlorine-di#comments Chlorinated Water Chlorine Disinfection by-products: In Drinking Water Hypoglycemic Agents Metformin Chlorinated Water Chlorine Disinfection by-products: In Drinking Water Environmental Fate of Pharmacueticals Hypoglycemic Agents Metformin In Vitro Study Wed, 04 Jan 2017 18:58:11 +0000 greenmedinfo 141412 at https://greenmedinfo.com The presence of chlorine-resistant bacteria surviving in drinking-water systems may carry additional risk of antibiotic resistance. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/presence-chlorine-resistant-bacteria-surviving-drinking-water-systems-may-carr n/a PMID:  Chemosphere. 2016 Jun ;152:132-41. Epub 2016 Mar 8. PMID: 26966812 Abstract Title:  Relationship between antibiotic- and disinfectant-resistance profiles in bacteria harvested from tap water. Abstract:  Chlorination is commonly used to control levels of bacteria in drinking water; however, viable bacteria may remain due to chlorine resistance. What is concerning is that surviving bacteria, due to co-selection factors, may also have increased resistance to common antibiotics. This would pose a public health risk as it could link resistant bacteria in the natural environment to human population. Here, we investigated the relationship between chlorine- and antibiotic-resistances by harvesting 148 surviving bacteria from chlorinated drinking-water systems and compared their susceptibilities against chlorine disinfectants and antibiotics. Twenty-two genera were isolated, including members of Paenibacillus, Burkholderia, Escherichia, Sphingomonas and Dermacoccus species. Weak (but significant) correlations were found between chlorine-tolerance and minimum inhibitory concentrations against the antibiotics tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole and amoxicillin, but not against ciprofloxacin; this suggest that chlorine-tolerant bacteria are more likely to also be antibiotic resistant. Further, antibiotic-resistant bacteria survived longer than antibiotic-sensitive organisms when exposed to free chlorine in a contact-time assay; however, there were little differences in susceptibility when exposed to monochloramine. Irrespective of antibiotic-resistance, spore-forming bacteria had higher tolerance against disinfection compounds. The presence of chlorine-resistant bacteria surviving in drinking-water systems may carry additional risk of antibiotic resistance. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/presence-chlorine-resistant-bacteria-surviving-drinking-water-systems-may-carr#comments Chlorinated Water Disinfection by-products: In Drinking Water Chlorinated Water Disinfection by-products: In Drinking Water Drug Resistant Pathogens Risk Factors In Vitro Study Wed, 04 Jan 2017 18:48:42 +0000 greenmedinfo 141411 at https://greenmedinfo.com