Plastic Bottle https://greenmedinfo.com/category/keywords/Plastic%20Bottle en Smaller-sized micro-plastics (MPs) contamination in single-use PET-bottled water in Thailand https://greenmedinfo.com/article/smaller-sized-micro-plastics-mps-contamination-single-use-pet-bottled-water-th PMID:  Sci Total Environ. 2020 May 15 ;717:137232. Epub 2020 Feb 8. PMID: 32062244 Abstract Title:  Smaller-sized micro-plastics (MPs) contamination in single-use PET-bottled water in Thailand. Abstract:  Micro-plastic (MP) contamination of drinking water is an emerging global concern. Findings on the cytotoxic effects of MPs in human cells are an incentive to investigate the MP concentration in drinking water. The present study quantitatively and qualitatively analyzes the MPs in 10 brands of single-use PET-bottled water, sourced from Thailand. A set of glass-bottled water was similarly analyzed to compare the MP concentrations between the two packaging. Two sorting techniques were used: 1) fluorescent tagging with Nile Red (≥6.5 μm) and 2) optical microscopy (≥50 μm). ATR-FT-IR (≥50 μm) and confocal Raman spectroscopy (1-50 μm) were also used. The MP concentration was found to be 140 ± 19 p/L in single-use plastic-bottled water and 52 ± 4 p/L in glass-bottled water. Plastic bottles had a significantly higher MP quantity than the latter. Both 6.5-20 μm and 20-50 μm MPs showed significant dominance over the ≥50 μm fraction. Fibers accounted for 62.8% of the total particle content, followed by fragments. Under optical microscopy, ≥50 μm particles were 10 ± 1 p/L (on average), whichdid not differ largely from that of fluorescent-tagged particles in the same size range (12 ± 1 p/L), implying the suitability of both techniques to sort ≥50 μm MPs. However, fluorescent-tagging was more reliable for MP identification in drinking water, particularly in the 6.5-50 μm range.Among the particles that were confirmed to be polymeric, PET, PE, PP, and PA were dominant. Accordingly, the contamination mainly emanates from the packaging, but could also occur during the manufacturing process. Given the direct human exposure to MPs through bottled water and their cellular toxicity, further studies are encouraged on smaller-sized MPs in drinking water. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/smaller-sized-micro-plastics-mps-contamination-single-use-pet-bottled-water-th" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/smaller-sized-micro-plastics-mps-contamination-single-use-pet-bottled-water-th#comments Bottled Water Microplastic Plastic Bottle In Vitro Study Thu, 30 Jul 2020 18:55:48 +0000 greenmedinfo 224464 at https://greenmedinfo.com Effect of exposure of plastic infant feeding bottle leached water on biochemical, morphological and oxidative stress parameters. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/effect-exposure-plastic-infant-feeding-bottle-leached-water-biochemical-morpho PMID:  Toxics. 2020 May 13 ;8(2). Epub 2020 May 13. PMID: 32414073 Abstract Title:  Effect of Exposure of Plastic Infant Feeding Bottle Leached Water on Biochemical, Morphological and Oxidative Stress Parameters in Rats. Abstract:  Bisphenol A (BPA) is leached out from plastic infant feeding bottles that are filled with warm milk/water due to high temperatures, exposing the infants to BPA. The present study aims to understand the effects of ingestion of BPA leached from plastic infant feeding bottle and delineate the underlying mechanisms in rats. In this study, adult rats of Wistar strain were divided into 3 groups. In the first group, the rats consumed normal food and tap water. In the second group, the rats ingested BPA (20µg/kg bodyweight/day, orally). In the third group, the rats drank water leached from plastic infant feeding bottles. After 30days, tests involving biochemical parameters, histopathological examination, and oxidative stress enzyme markers were performed, and the levels of BPA in plastic-leached water were estimated by HPLC analysis. There were significant biochemical changes in the form of increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine kinase-muscle/brain (CK-MB), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in both treated groups as compared to control group, accompanied by structural damage to thevital organs, and lipid peroxidation, glutathione reductase, and catalase activity were also high in the treated groups. Further, the BPA concentration in plastic leached water was estimated to be 0.1 ± 0.02 µg/mL. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/effect-exposure-plastic-infant-feeding-bottle-leached-water-biochemical-morpho" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/effect-exposure-plastic-infant-feeding-bottle-leached-water-biochemical-morpho#comments Oxidative Stress Bisphenol A Bottled Water Plastic Bottle Animal Study Thu, 30 Jul 2020 18:15:21 +0000 greenmedinfo 224458 at https://greenmedinfo.com Exposure to irregular microplastic shed from baby bottles activates the ROS/NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling pathway, causing intestinal inflammation. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/exposure-irregular-microplastic-shed-baby-bottles-activates-rosnlrp3caspase-1- PMID:  Environ Int. 2023 Nov ;181:108296. Epub 2023 Oct 30. PMID: 37924603 Abstract Title:  Exposure to irregular microplastic shed from baby bottles activates the ROS/NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling pathway, causing intestinal inflammation. Abstract:  Irregularly shaped microplastics (MPs) released from infant feeding bottles (PP-IFBs) may exhibit increased cytotoxicity, in contrast to the commonly studied spherical MPs. This study presents an initial analysis of the thermal-oxidative aging process of plastic shedding from feeding bottles, and investigates the inflammatory response induced by these atypical MPs in human intestinal cells (Caco-2). The PP-IFBs&#039; surface displayed non-uniform white patches and increased roughness, revealing substantial structural alteration and shedding, especially during actions such as shaking, boiling water disinfection, and microwave heating. FT-IR and 2D-COS analyses revealed that oxygen targeted the C-H and C-C bonds of polypropylene molecular chain, producing RO·and·OH, thereby hastening polypropylene degradation. When human intestinal cells were exposed to MPs from PP-IFBs, oxidative stress was triggered, resulting in lowered glutathione levels, augmented reactive oxygen species (ROS), and heightened lipid peroxidation. Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNFα) signified an active inflammatory process. The inflammatory response was notably more intense when exposed to MPs released through boiling water disinfection and microwave heating treatments, primarily due to the larger quantity of MPs released and their higher proportion of smaller particles. Furthermore, the NLRP3 inflammasome was identified as critical in initiating this inflammatory chain reaction due to the mitochondrial ROS surge caused by MPs exposure. This was further validated by inhibitor studies, emphasizing the role of the ROS/NLRP3/Caspase-1/IL-1βsignaling pathway in in promoting intestinal inflammation. Therefore, swift actions are recommended to protect infants against the potential health effects of MPs exposure. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/exposure-irregular-microplastic-shed-baby-bottles-activates-rosnlrp3caspase-1-" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/exposure-irregular-microplastic-shed-baby-bottles-activates-rosnlrp3caspase-1-#comments Inflammation Microplastic Toxicity Plastic Bottle In Vitro Study Mon, 18 Dec 2023 03:56:49 +0000 greenmedinfo 285056 at https://greenmedinfo.com Migration of phthalates from PET water bottle in events of repeated uses and associated risk assessment. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/migration-phthalates-pet-water-bottle-events-repeated-uses-and-associated-risk PMID:  Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020 Jul 8. Epub 2020 Jul 8. PMID: 32642892 Abstract Title:  Migration of phthalates from PET water bottle in events of repeated uses and associated risk assessment. Abstract:  Phthalates are widely used as a plasticizer in manufacturing polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to improve softness, flexibility, durability, longevity, and workability. Phthalates are known in instigating profound human health hazards. In many developing countries, lack of proper disposal facilities established for empty PET bottles and the absence of legislation on reuse invariably persuade people to reuse them for storing potable water. An experiment was conducted with two commercial brands of PET bottles to explore the potential of phthalate migration when domestically refilled and reused in multiple times at two temperature conditions. Temperatures of ambient (27 ± 2 °C) and warm (60 ± 2 °C) were selected as the refilling temperatures because of the common practice by people. For both brands, only bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) levels were detected in refilled water in every event of reuse. For both brands, mean DEHP levels migrated to water at 60 ± 2 °C were significantly higher (p <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/migration-phthalates-pet-water-bottle-events-repeated-uses-and-associated-risk" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/migration-phthalates-pet-water-bottle-events-repeated-uses-and-associated-risk#comments Phthalate Toxicity Phthalates Bottled Water Plastic Bottle In Vitro Study Thu, 30 Jul 2020 18:08:11 +0000 greenmedinfo 224455 at https://greenmedinfo.com Phthalate esters and their potential risk in PET bottled water stored under common conditions. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/phthalate-esters-and-their-potential-risk-pet-bottled-water-stored-under-commo PMID:  Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 12 24 ;17(1). Epub 2019 Dec 24. PMID: 31878152 Abstract Title:  Phthalate Esters and Their Potential Risk in PET Bottled Water Stored under Common Conditions. Abstract:  A great deal of attention has been paid lately to release of phthalate esters (PAEs) from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into PET bottled drinking water due to their potential endocrine-disrupting effects. Three kinds of PAEs, including diethyl phthalate (DEP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), were detected in 10 popular brands of PET bottles in Beijing, ranging from 101.97μg/kg to 709.87 μg/kg. Meanwhile, six kinds of PAEs, including DEP, DMP, DBP, n-butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), were detected in PET bottled water, ranging from 0.19 μg/L to 0.98 μg/L, under an outdoor storage condition, while theirconcentrations ranged from 0.18 μg/L to 0.71 μg/L under an indoor storage condition. Furthermore, the concentrations of PAEs in brand D and E bottles were slightly increased when the storage time was prolonged. In addition, the concentrations of PAEs in commercial water contained in brand B and Hbottles and pure water contained in brand E and G bottles were also slightly increased with the increase of storage temperature. Interestingly, DBP mainly contributed to the increased PAEs levels in simulation water. These results suggest that a part of the PAEs in PET bottled water originated fromplastic bottles, which was related to the storage time and temperature. However, the PAEs in PET bottled water only pose a negligible risk to consumers if they follow the recommendations, such as storage at a common place (24 °C), away from sun and in a short period of time. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/phthalate-esters-and-their-potential-risk-pet-bottled-water-stored-under-commo" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/phthalate-esters-and-their-potential-risk-pet-bottled-water-stored-under-commo#comments Phthalate Toxicity Phthalates Bottled Water Plastic Bottle In Vitro Study Thu, 30 Jul 2020 18:59:07 +0000 greenmedinfo 224466 at https://greenmedinfo.com Plastic bottles for chilled carbonated beverages as a source of microplastics and nanoplastics. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/plastic-bottles-chilled-carbonated-beverages-source-microplastics-and-nanoplas PMID:  Water Res. 2023 Aug 15 ;242:120243. Epub 2023 Jun 17. PMID: 37354839 Abstract Title:  Plastic bottles for chilled carbonated beverages as a source of microplastics and nanoplastics. Abstract:  Carbonated beverages are characterized by low temperatures, multiple microbubbles, high pressure, and an acidic environment, creating ideal conditions for releasing contaminants from plastic bottles. However, the release patterns of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are poorly understood. We investigated the effects of plastic type, COfilling volume, temperature, sugar content, and additive on the leakage of MPs/NPs and heavy metals. Our results showed that polypropylene bottles released greater MPs (234±9.66 particles/L) and NPs (9.21±0.73 × 10particles/L) than polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate bottles. However, subjecting the plastic bottles to 3 repeated inflation treatments resulted in 91.65-93.18% removal of MPs/NPs. The release of MPs/NPs increased with increasing COfilling volume, driven by the synergistic effect of CObubbles and pressure. After 4 freeze-thaw cycles, the release of MPs and NPs significantly increased, reaching 450±38.65 MPs and 2.91±0.10 × 10NPs per liter, respectively. The presence of sugar leads to an elevation in MPs release compared to sucrose-free carbonated water, while the addition of additives to carbonated water exhibits negligible effects on MPs release. Interestingly, actual carbonated beverages demonstrated higher MPs concentrations (260.52±27.18-281.38±61.33 particles/L) than those observed in our well-controlled experimental setup. Our study highlights the non-negligible risk of MPs/NPs in carbonated beverages at low temperatures and suggests strategies to mitigate human ingestion of MPs/NPs, such as selecting appropriate plastic materials, high-pressure carbonated water pretreatment, and minimizing freeze-thaw cycles. Our findings provide insights for further study of the release patterns of the contaminants in natural environments with bubbles, pressure, low temperature, and freeze-thaw conditions. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/plastic-bottles-chilled-carbonated-beverages-source-microplastics-and-nanoplas" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/plastic-bottles-chilled-carbonated-beverages-source-microplastics-and-nanoplas#comments Microplastic Toxicity Bottled Water Plastic Bottle In Vitro Study Sun, 17 Dec 2023 21:42:55 +0000 greenmedinfo 285009 at https://greenmedinfo.com The possible migration of phthalic acid esters from plastic packaging materials into the contents was indicated by the results of the present study. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/possible-migration-phthalic-acid-esters-plastic-packaging-materials-contents-w PMID:  Food Technol Biotechnol. 2017 Dec ;55(4):562-569. PMID: 29540990 Abstract Title:  The Effect of Storage Time, Temperature and Type of Packaging on the Release of Phthalate Esters into Packed
Acidic Liquids. Abstract:  Acidic liquids such as verjuice, lemon juice and vinegar are frequently consumed in Iran. Different kinds of acidic liquids are packaged in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles. There is evidence indicating that phthalates can leach from PET and HDPE bottles into their contents. In this work the effect of storage time, temperature and bottle type on the migration of phthalates from packaging materials into acidic liquids is studied by analyzing the samples stored under different conditions, before storage and after 2, 4 and 6 months of storage. The determined mean phthalate concentrations inµg/L were:<p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/possible-migration-phthalic-acid-esters-plastic-packaging-materials-contents-w" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/possible-migration-phthalic-acid-esters-plastic-packaging-materials-contents-w#comments Lemon Juice Vinegar Phthalates Plastic Bottle In Vitro Study Tue, 19 Feb 2019 23:36:07 +0000 greenmedinfo 179979 at https://greenmedinfo.com Worldwide bottled water occurrence of emerging contaminants. https://greenmedinfo.com/article/worldwide-bottled-water-occurrence-emerging-contaminants PMID:  J Hazard Mater. 2020 06 15 ;392:122271. Epub 2020 Feb 14. PMID: 32311916 Abstract Title:  Worldwide bottled water occurrence of emerging contaminants: A review of the recent scientific literature. Abstract:  Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) have recently been detected in bottled water and have brought about discussions on possible risks for human health. However, a systematic review of CECs in bottled water is currently lacking due to the relatively new introduction and/or detection of these pollutants. Hence, this paper reviews the existing studies on the presence of six major groups of emerging contaminants including microplastics (MPs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, alkylphenols (APs), and perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in bottled water from different countries. Also, the findings related to CECs&#039; levels, their possible sources, and their risks are summarized. The gathered data indicate that MPs within the size range of 1-5μm are the most predominant and potentially toxic classes of MPs in bottled water. In addition, PPCPs, PFASs, APs, and BPA occur in concentration levels of ng/L, while phthalates occur in the μg/L level in bottled water. The bottle type plays an important role in the contamination level. As expected, water in plastic bottles with plastic caps is more polluted than in glass bottles. However, other sources of contamination such as contact materials during cleaning, bottling, and storage are not negligible. Based on the gathered data in this review, the CEC levels except for MPs (no threshold values) in bottled water of most countries do not raise a safety concern for the human. However, the occurrence of individual CECs and their association in bottled water need more accurate data to understand their own/synergistic effects on human health. <p><a href="https://greenmedinfo.com/article/worldwide-bottled-water-occurrence-emerging-contaminants" target="_blank">read more</a></p> https://greenmedinfo.com/article/worldwide-bottled-water-occurrence-emerging-contaminants#comments Bisphenol Toxicity Phthalate Toxicity Bisphenol A Phthalates Bottled Water Microplastic Plastic Bottle Review Thu, 30 Jul 2020 18:27:04 +0000 greenmedinfo 224461 at https://greenmedinfo.com