Yogic Breathing

Views 648
Jump to
Abstracts Focused Research Topics
Your Token Count0

Sign in to Purchase/Download Documents

Sign in / Register

Focus Your Research

Click any topic below to filter + focus research
26 Diseases Researched for Yogic Breathing
NameACCKFocus
Hypertension770Locked
Anxiety431Locked
Asthma330Locked
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2220Locked
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD)220Locked
Athletic Performance110Locked
Attention Deficit Disorder110Locked
Blindness110Locked
Bronchial Asthma110Locked
Cognitive Decline/Dysfunction110Locked
Depression110Locked
Generalized Anxiety Disorder110Locked
Inflammation110Locked
Insomnia110Locked
Oxidative Stress110Locked
Periodontal Diseases110Locked
Periodontitis110Locked
Rhinosinusitis110Locked
Smoking Cessation110Locked
Tuberculosis13Locked
Aging11Locked
Asthma: Childhood11Locked
Autonomic Nervous System Diseases11Locked
Nervous System Diseases: Parasympathetic11Locked
Nervous System Diseases: Sympathetic11Locked
Psychiatric Disorders11Locked

View the Evidence:
46 Abstracts with Yogic Breathing Research

[+]

Sheetali pranayama significantly reduces blood pressure in patients with HTN and improved heart rate variability.Apr 30, 2020

Pubmed Data : Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020 May ;39:101138. Epub 2020 Mar 5. PMID: 32379673
Article Published Date : Apr 30, 2020
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Hypertension
Therapeutic Actions : Therapeutic Breathing, Yogic Breathing
Pharmacological Actions : Antihypertensive Agents
[+]

A device which mimics a yoga breathing technique improves symptoms and reduces bronchodilator use in patients with asthma.Dec 02, 2009

Pubmed Data : Phytother Res. 2009 Dec 2. PMID: 12885982
Article Published Date : Dec 02, 2009
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Asthma
Therapeutic Actions : Therapeutic Breathing, Yogic Breathing
Additional Keywords : Drug Sparing
[+]

A single 20 min session of yogic breathing practice could reduce the levels of key pro-inflammatory biomarkers in saliva.Aug 17, 2016

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016 Aug 18 ;16:294. Epub 2016 Aug 18. PMID: 27538513
Article Published Date : Aug 17, 2016
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Inflammation
Therapeutic Actions : Yogic Breathing
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Interleukin-1 beta downregulation, Interleukin-8 downregulation
[+]

Acute effects on cardiovascular oscillations during controlled slow yogic breathingMar 31, 2017

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Indian J Med Res. 2017 Apr ;145(4):503-512. PMID: 28862183
Article Published Date : Mar 31, 2017
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Hypertension
Therapeutic Actions : Yoga, Yogic Breathing
Pharmacological Actions : Antihypertensive Agents
[+]

Alterations in salivary proteome following single twenty-minute session of yogic breathing.Dec 31, 2014

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015 ;2015:376029. Epub 2015 Mar 19. PMID: 25873979
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2014
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Therapeutic Actions : Yogic Breathing
[+]

Alternate nostril breathing at different rates and its influence on heart rate variability in non-practitioners of yoga.Dec 31, 2015

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : J Clin Diagn Res. 2016 Jan ;10(1):CM01-2. Epub 2016 Jan 1. PMID: 26894062
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2015
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Therapeutic Actions : Nasal Breathing, Yogic Breathing
[+]

Bhramari pranayama improves the resting cardiovascular parameters in healthy adolescents.Apr 30, 2016

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : J Clin Diagn Res. 2016 May ;10(5):CC17-9. Epub 2016 May 1. PMID: 27437210
Article Published Date : Apr 30, 2016
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Hypertension
Therapeutic Actions : Yogic Breathing
Pharmacological Actions : Antihypertensive Agents
[+]

Bhramari Pranayama may be an effective means for improving attention performance in visually impaired children.Apr 30, 2018

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Int J Yoga. 2018 May-Aug;11(2):111-115. PMID: 29755219
Article Published Date : Apr 30, 2018
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Blindness
Therapeutic Actions : Yogic Breathing
[+]

Both the systolic and diastolic blood pressure were found to be decreased with a slight fall in heart rate after slow pace Bhramari pranayama for 5 minutes.Aug 31, 2010

Pubmed Data : Nepal Med Coll J. 2010 Sep ;12(3):154-7. PMID: 21446363
Article Published Date : Aug 31, 2010
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Hypertension
Therapeutic Actions : Yogic Breathing
Pharmacological Actions : Antihypertensive Agents
[+]

Controlled yogic breathing, specifically Sudarshan Kriya, appeared to reduce the symptoms of PTSD in 3 veterans of the Armed Services.Jul 31, 2017

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Med Acupunct. 2017 Aug 1 ;29(4):232-238. PMID: 28874925
Article Published Date : Jul 31, 2017
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD)
Therapeutic Actions : Yogic Breathing
[+]

EEG signatures change during unilateral Yogi nasal breathing.Jan 10, 2022

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Sci Rep. 2022 01 11 ;12(1):520. Epub 2022 Jan 11. PMID: 35017606
Article Published Date : Jan 10, 2022
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Therapeutic Actions : Nasal Breathing, Yogic Breathing
[+]

Effect of Bhramari pranayama practice on simple reaction time in healthy adolescents.Jun 05, 2020

Pubmed Data : Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2020 Jun 6. Epub 2020 Jun 6. PMID: 32549168
Article Published Date : Jun 05, 2020
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Therapeutic Actions : Therapeutic Breathing, Yoga, Yogic Breathing
Pharmacological Actions : Neuroprotective Agents
[+]

Immediate effect of slow pace Bhastrika Pranayama on blood pressure and heart rate. Feb 28, 2009

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : J Altern Complement Med. 2009 Mar ;15(3):293-5. PMID: 19249921
Article Published Date : Feb 28, 2009
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Hypertension
Therapeutic Actions : Therapeutic Breathing, Yoga, Yogic Breathing
Pharmacological Actions : Vasodilator Agents
[+]

Incorporating pranayama in sports can enhance the efficiency of healthy individuals and athletes by enhancing the ventilatory functions of lungs.Aug 31, 2019

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Int J Yoga. 2019 Sep-Dec;12(3):233-239. PMID: 31543632
Article Published Date : Aug 31, 2019
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Athletic Performance
Therapeutic Actions : Exercise, Exercise: Running, Therapeutic Breathing, Yogic Breathing
[+]

Integrating regular Bhramari pranayama along with the conventional treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis is more effective than conventional treatment alone.Apr 30, 2019

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Int J Yoga. 2019 May-Aug;12(2):120-123. PMID: 31143019
Article Published Date : Apr 30, 2019
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Rhinosinusitis
Therapeutic Actions : Integrative Medicine, Yogic Breathing
[+]

It is concluded that sukha pranayama at the rate of 6 breaths/minute can reduce heart rate and blood pressure in hypertensive patients within 5 minutes of practice.Dec 31, 2010

Pubmed Data : Int J Yoga Therap. 2011(21):73-6. PMID: 22398346
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2010
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Hypertension
Therapeutic Actions : Therapeutic Breathing, Yoga, Yogic Breathing
Pharmacological Actions : Antihypertensive Agents
[+]

Mindful yogic breathing appears to be effective in alleviating the acute negative effects of smoking abstinence and decreasing smoking behaviour.Nov 20, 2019

Pubmed Data : Psychol Addict Behav. 2019 Nov 21. Epub 2019 Nov 21. PMID: 31750699
Article Published Date : Nov 20, 2019
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Smoking Cessation
Therapeutic Actions : Mindfullness Training, Yogic Breathing
[+]

Participants experienced clinically significant decrease in PTSD symptoms on the posttraumatic stress disorder.Aug 31, 2020

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Int J Yoga. 2020 Sep-Dec;13(3):239-246. Epub 2020 Sep 13. PMID: 33343155
Article Published Date : Aug 31, 2020
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD)
Therapeutic Actions : Yoga, Yogic Breathing
[+]

Pranayama improved asthma control and asthma-related quality of life in people with asthma.Jan 31, 2020

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020 Feb ;38:101081. Epub 2019 Dec 18. PMID: 32056817
Article Published Date : Jan 31, 2020
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Asthma
Therapeutic Actions : Therapeutic Breathing, Yogic Breathing
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Asthmatic Agents
[+]

Regular practice of yogasanas and pranayama has a beneficial effect on cognitive performance in type 2 diabetic subjects by stabilizing blood glucose.Dec 31, 2016

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol. 2017 ;7(3):232-235. Epub 2016 Sep 24. PMID: 28299348
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2016
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Cognitive Decline/Dysfunction, Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2
Therapeutic Actions : Therapeutic Breathing, Yogic Breathing
Pharmacological Actions : Neuroprotective Agents
[+]

Slow breathing for reducing stress: The effect of extending exhale.Apr 30, 2023

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Complement Ther Med. 2023 May ;73:102937. Epub 2023 Mar 5. PMID: 36871835
Article Published Date : Apr 30, 2023
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Stress
Therapeutic Actions : Therapeutic Breathing, Yogic Breathing
[+]

Slow paced breathing is an effective tool for cardiac vagal activation.May 15, 2018

Pubmed Data : Psychosom Med. 2018 May 16. Epub 2018 May 16. PMID: 29771730
Article Published Date : May 15, 2018
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Therapeutic Actions : Yogic Breathing
[+]

Sudarshan Kriya Pranayama can be considered as an adjunct to treatment modality in patients with periodontal disease.Aug 31, 2018

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2018 Sep-Oct;15(5):327-333. PMID: 30233652
Article Published Date : Aug 31, 2018
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Periodontal Diseases
Therapeutic Actions : Yogic Breathing, Yogic Technique: Sudarshan kriya
[+]

Sudarshan kriya yoga can be potentially beneficial for treating anxiety, insomnia, and depression associated in people with T2DM.May 31, 2019

Pubmed Data : Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019 May - Jun;13(3):1995-1999. Epub 2019 Apr 25. PMID: 31235126
Article Published Date : May 31, 2019
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Anxiety, Depression, Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2, Insomnia
Therapeutic Actions : Yogic Breathing, Yogic Technique: Sudarshan kriya
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Anxiety Agents, Antidepressive Agents
[+]

Sudharshan kriya pranayama can significantly decrease periodontal inflammation and improve periodontal status.Feb 05, 2020

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Cureus. 2020 Feb 6 ;12(2):e6905. Epub 2020 Feb 6. PMID: 32064220
Article Published Date : Feb 05, 2020
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Periodontitis
Therapeutic Actions : Therapeutic Breathing, Yogic Breathing
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Inflammatory Agents, NF-kappaB Inhibitor
[+]

The findings suggest that yogic breathing practices helps to enhance respiratory endurance in competitive swimmers.May 31, 2017

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2017 Apr - Jun;8(2):99-104. PMID: 28601355
Article Published Date : May 31, 2017
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Therapeutic Actions : Exercise: Swimming, Yogic Breathing
[+]

The integration of yoga breathing techniques in cognitive behavioural therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder.Dec 31, 2022

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Front Psychiatry. 2023 ;14:1101046. Epub 2023 Apr 17. PMID: 37139325
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2022
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD)
Therapeutic Actions : Yogic Breathing
Pharmacological Actions : Neuroprotective Agents
[+]

The present study showed a positive shift in cardiac autonomic modulation towards parasympathetic predominance after 6 months of yoga breathing practice.Feb 29, 2020

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Integr Med Res. 2020 Mar ;9(1):28-32. Epub 2020 Jan 20. PMID: 32025489
Article Published Date : Feb 29, 2020
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Therapeutic Actions : Yoga, Yogic Breathing
[+]

The results suggest that high frequency yoga breathing could be a short, useful school based practice to improve attention and reduce anxiety.Jul 21, 2019

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Children (Basel). 2019 Jul 22 ;6(7). Epub 2019 Jul 22. PMID: 31336661
Article Published Date : Jul 21, 2019
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Anxiety, Attention Deficit Disorder
Therapeutic Actions : Yogic Breathing
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Anxiety Agents
[+]

Volitional yoga breathing influences attention and anxiety.Nov 15, 2021

Pubmed Data : Complement Med Res. 2021 Nov 16:1-7. Epub 2021 Nov 16. PMID: 34784592
Article Published Date : Nov 15, 2021
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Anxiety
Therapeutic Actions : Yoga, Yogic Breathing
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Anxiety Agents
[+]

Yoga breathing exercises reduce airway reactivity in subjects with asthma.Jun 09, 1990

Pubmed Data : Lancet. 1990 Jun 9;335(8702):1381-3. PMID: 1971670
Article Published Date : Jun 09, 1990
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Asthma
Therapeutic Actions : Therapeutic Breathing, Yogic Breathing
[+]

Yoga breathing has therapeutic value in broncial asthma. Dec 31, 2011

Pubmed Data : Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2012 Jan-Mar;56(1):63-8. PMID: 23029966
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2011
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Bronchial Asthma
Therapeutic Actions : Therapeutic Breathing, Yogic Breathing
[+]

Yoga breathing improves lung function in healthy volunteers.Dec 31, 2018

Pubmed Data : Holist Nurs Pract. 2019 Jul/Aug;33(4):197-203. PMID: 31192831
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2018
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Therapeutic Actions : Yogic Breathing
[+]

Yoga effectively improves quality of life, levels of anxiety, depression and pulmonary function in young adults with above-stated bronchial asthma.Jul 11, 2022

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2022 Jul 12:100546. Epub 2022 Jul 12. PMID: 35840445
Article Published Date : Jul 11, 2022
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Asthma: Bronchial
Therapeutic Actions : Yogic Breathing
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Anxiety Agents, Antidepressive Agents
[+]

Yogic breathing is an effective modality for management of essential hypertension.Dec 31, 2012

Pubmed Data : Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2013 Jan-Mar;57(1):38-44. PMID: 24020097
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2012
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Hypertension
Therapeutic Actions : Yogic Breathing
Pharmacological Actions : Antihypertensive Agents
[+]

Yogic breathing results in improvement in oxidative status in young healthy males.Jul 01, 2002

Pubmed Data : Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002 Jul;46(3):349-54. PMID: 12613400
Article Published Date : Jul 01, 2002
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Oxidative Stress
Therapeutic Actions : Therapeutic Breathing, Yogic Breathing
Pharmacological Actions : Antioxidants
[+]

Yogic breathing techniques proved simple to learn and may be beneficial in reducing anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with treatment-resistant GAD.Dec 31, 2018

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Int J Yoga. 2019 Jan-Apr;12(1):78-83. PMID: 30692788
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2018
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Anxiety, Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Therapeutic Actions : Yogic Breathing
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Anxiety Agents, Antidepressive Agents
[+]

Yogic pranayama and diaphragmatic breathing: adjunct therapy for intraocular pressure in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma.Dec 31, 2020

Pubmed Data : J Glaucoma. 2021 02 1 ;30(2):115-123. PMID: 33955942
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2020
Study Type : Human Study
Additional Links
Diseases : Glaucoma
Therapeutic Actions : Deep Breathing, Therapeutic Breathing, Yogic Breathing
Pharmacological Actions : Antihypertensive Agents
[+]

Yogic breathing techniques with anti-tuberculosis treatment are effective in treating pulmonary tuberculosis.May 31, 2014

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Int J Prev Med. 2014 Jun ;5(6):787-90. PMID: 25013700
Article Published Date : May 31, 2014
Study Type : Human: Case Report
Additional Links
Diseases : Tuberculosis
Therapeutic Actions : Yogic Breathing
[+]

Breathing exercise and yoga/ pranayama may have some additive role in the treatment of childhood asthma.Jan 20, 2019

Pubmed Data : Curr Pediatr Rev. 2019 Jan 21. Epub 2019 Jan 21. PMID: 30663571
Article Published Date : Jan 20, 2019
Study Type : Review
Additional Links
Diseases : Asthma: Childhood
Therapeutic Actions : Integrative Medicine, Yoga, Yogic Breathing
[+]

Effects of yogic breath regulation: A narrative review of scientific evidence.Feb 28, 2019

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2019 Jan - Mar;10(1):50-58. Epub 2018 Feb 1. PMID: 29395894
Article Published Date : Feb 28, 2019
Study Type : Review
Additional Links
Therapeutic Actions : Yogic Breathing
[+]

Harnessing the four elements for mental health.Dec 31, 2018

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Front Psychiatry. 2019 ;10:256. Epub 2019 Apr 24. PMID: 31105604
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2018
Study Type : Review
Additional Links
Diseases : Anxiety, Psychiatric Disorders
Therapeutic Actions : Exercise: Green , Horticultural Therapy (Gardening), Light Therapy, Sauna Therapy, Shinrin-yoku (taking in the atmosphere of the forest), Yoga, Yogic Breathing
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Anxiety Agents
[+]

How breath-control can change your life: A systematic review on psycho-physiological correlates of slow breathing.Dec 31, 2017

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Front Hum Neurosci. 2018 ;12:353. Epub 2018 Sep 7. PMID: 30245619
Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2017
Study Type : Review
Additional Links
Therapeutic Actions : Therapeutic Breathing, Yogic Breathing
[+]

Practice of asana, pranayama, and meditation can help to maintain genomic integrity and are of key importance to human health and lifestyle disorders.Aug 31, 2018

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : Int J Yoga. 2018 Sep-Dec;11(3):186-193. PMID: 30233111
Article Published Date : Aug 31, 2018
Study Type : Review
Additional Links
Diseases : Aging
Therapeutic Actions : Meditation , Yoga, Yogic Breathing
Pharmacological Actions : Telomere Protective
[+]

Pranayamic breathing may modulate autonomic nervous system function through neural respiratory elements.Jan 01, 2006

Pubmed Data : Med Hypotheses. 2006;67(3):566-71. Epub 2006 Apr 18. PMID: 16624497
Article Published Date : Jan 01, 2006
Study Type : Commentary
Additional Links
Diseases : Autonomic Nervous System Diseases, Nervous System Diseases: Parasympathetic, Nervous System Diseases: Sympathetic
Therapeutic Actions : Therapeutic Breathing, Yogic Breathing
[+]

Yoga is hypothesized to stimulate the bone marrow stem cells (both hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells) trafficking to the peripheral blood. Aug 31, 2016

Article Publish Status : This is a free article. Click here to read the complete article.
Pubmed Data : J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2016 Jul - Sep;7(3):181-184. Epub 2016 Sep 17. PMID: 27649634
Article Published Date : Aug 31, 2016
Study Type : Review
Additional Links
Therapeutic Actions : Yoga, Yogic Breathing
Additional Keywords : Regenerative Actions

Yogic Breathing Related Articles

Namasteak: The Food/Yoga Connection
Written by Tania Melkonian
What does food have to yoga? Quite a lot!
Modern Science Confirms Yoga's Many Health Benefits
Written by Sayer Ji, Founder
While millions practice yoga daily because they claim to experience tangible health benefits from it, skeptic holdouts claim only scientific evidence can separate out the placebo effect from reality. So, what does the Science say?

Print Options

Some features are currently member only features. If you are already a member, please login. Otherwise, click here to become a member.
  • Printer-friendly version

Connect with GreenMedInfo

This website is for information purposes only. By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing, treating, curing, mitigating, or preventing any type of disease or medical condition. Before beginning any type of natural, integrative or conventional treatment regimen, it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional.

© Copyright 2008-2023 GreenMedInfo.com, Journal Articles copyright of original owners, MeSH copyright NLM.